Lycoming O-320 series
27,315 aircraft on the U.S. register carry a Lycoming O-320 series engine, rated at about 180 horsepower. The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is the model most often fitted with it (9,462 aircraft). The aircraft carrying it were built between 1949 and 2026.
The FAA records engines by code, usually at the level of a series ("O-320 series") rather than the exact variant; this page gathers every FAA code that reads as Lycoming O-320 series (2 codes). FAA spellings: 0-320 SERIES · O-320 SERIES.
Fitted to model families
Model families, as a table
Cessna 172 Skyhawk · Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow · Piper PA-18 Super Cub · Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt · Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger · Bellanca 7 Citabria · Cessna 177 Cardinal · Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec · Robinson R22 · Champion 7 Citabria and Champ
Where they are owner's state
Kind of aircraft
By kind, as a table
| aircraft | share | |
|---|---|---|
| Piston singles | 26,597 | 97% |
| Piston twins | 414 | 2% |
| Helicopters | 303 | 1% |
| Gliders | 1 | 0.0% |
What the FAA has certified, ordered and been told about the Lycoming O-320 series the component layer
The design is held under 1 type certificate (E-274, held by Lycoming Engines). The FAA has issued 29 airworthiness directives (orders that owners must comply with) that name this engine series. Operators and repair shops have filed 349 failure reports with the FAA since 1995, 19 of them in the last ten years.
FAA orders 29 airworthiness directives · newest first
Failure reports 349 since · what operators and shops told the FAA
Failure reports by year, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| 95 | 2 |
| 96 | 1 |
| 97 | 2 |
| 98 | 6 |
| 00 | 7 |
| 01 | 39 |
| 02 | 24 |
| 03 | 39 |
| 04 | 30 |
| 05 | 41 |
| 06 | 23 |
| 07 | 32 |
| 08 | 18 |
| 09 | 15 |
| 10 | 13 |
| 11 | 7 |
| 12 | 10 |
| 13 | 4 |
| 14 | 6 |
| 15 | 2 |
| 16 | 9 |
| 17 | 1 |
| 18 | 6 |
| 19 | 1 |
| 20 | 3 |
| 21 | 1 |
| 23 | 2 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 4 |
Parts most often reported as the reports name them
Parts most reported, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| Spar | 18 |
| Tube | 17 |
| Cylinder | 15 |
| Bulkhead | 9 |
| Alternator | 8 |
| Control Cable | 8 |
| Bolt | 7 |
| Carburetor | 7 |
| Fitting | 6 |
| Float | 6 |
Latest reports
Certificates and bulletins
Safety bulletins 17 · advice, not orders
Sources: the FAA's type certificate data sheets, airworthiness directives, supplemental type certificates, special conditions and special airworthiness information bulletins (Dynamic Regulatory System), and the FAA's service difficulty reports. A failure report is what an operator or repair station chose to file; the counts show reporting as much as reliability, and larger and commercial fleets report more. How the systems are grouped.
Connections how this engine series links to the rest of the register
- Cessna 172 Skyhawk 9,462 with this engine series
- Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow 6,844 with this engine series
- Piper PA-18 Super Cub 2,393 with this engine series
- Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt 1,660 with this engine series
- Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger 566 with this engine series
- Bellanca 7 Citabria 563 with this engine series
- Cessna 177 Cardinal 398 with this engine series
- Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec 347 with this engine series
- Texas 2,351 of these aircraft
- California 2,123 of these aircraft
- Florida 2,077 of these aircraft
- Alaska 1,796 of these aircraft
- Washington 1,004 of these aircraft
- Wings Over Texas Holdings LLC 107 of these aircraft
- American Patrols INC 61 of these aircraft
- Paris Air INC 33 of these aircraft
- Civil Air Patrol INC 33 of these aircraft
- International Air Services INC Trustee 30 of these aircraft
- FAA orders naming the Lycoming O-320 series 29 airworthiness directives
- Failure reports on the Lycoming O-320 series 349 reports since 1995
The whole map of how records connect · these connections as data: /graph/engine/lycoming-o-320-series.json.
Aircraft newest certificates first · 27,315
| Tail no. | Maker and model | Group | Owner and base | Certificate | Registered | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N35714 | Cessna 172I |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Skyhawk Rising LLC Manchester, Iowa |
Standard | 2020-04-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N56958 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Missouri |
Standard | 2020-04-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3914P | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2020-04-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6383F | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2020-04-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6577W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Adventist World Aviation Wilson, North Carolina |
Standard | 2020-04-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7125G | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Kansas |
Standard | 2020-04-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N774GA | Grumman American Avn. Corp. GA-7 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Aircraft Resource Center INC Lakeville, Minnesota |
Standard | 2020-04-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N799RQ | Quinn Rollie C RV6A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Experimental | 2020-04-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3307P | Piper PA-23-160 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Massachusetts |
Standard | 2020-04-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3702P | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Kansas |
Standard | 2020-04-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N41223 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2020-04-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4464J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Kansas |
Standard | 2020-04-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7705D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Mississippi |
Standard | 2020-04-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9045D | Piper PA-22-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Georgia |
Standard | 2020-04-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9740D | Piper PA-22-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2020-04-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1079M | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | General Aviation LLC Henderson, Nevada |
Standard | 2020-04-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N20742 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Iowa Lakes Community College Estherville, Iowa |
Standard | 2020-04-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2884D | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Three Wing Flight School LLC Stratford, Connecticut |
Standard | 2020-04-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4332N | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Three Wing Flight School LLC Stratford, Connecticut |
Standard | 2020-04-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5967W | Piper PA-28-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Zillah Heights Cherry Growers LLC Zillah, Washington |
Standard | 2020-04-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7022Q | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wyoming |
Standard | 2020-04-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7354G | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Right Rudder LLC Rexburg, Idaho |
Standard | 2020-04-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N751BK | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | General Aviation LLC Henderson, Nevada |
Standard | 2020-04-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9572H | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | General Aviation LLC Henderson, Nevada |
Standard | 2020-04-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5787U | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2020-04-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8131X | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | C&W Leasing Cedar Rapids, Iowa |
Standard | 2020-04-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8279J | Varga Aircraft Corp. 2150A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2020-04-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2889X | Cessna 177 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Montana |
Standard | 2020-04-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N136JM | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1905V | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | New Horizons Aviation INC Goshen, Indiana |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N277SA | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner | Standard | 2020-04-02 | Reports overdueFAA registration status code N: Non-citizen corporation that has not returned its flight-hour reports. All codes |
| N3222Z | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner South Dakota |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N36249 | Bellanca 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Multiple | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N44203 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Skyline Solutions INC Deland, Florida |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N55942 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Minnesota |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6325R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner North Carolina |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6454Z | Piper PA-25 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Simmons Aviation Services LLC Pawcatuck, Connecticut |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N656SF | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Skyfusion II LLC Atlanta, Georgia |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6706B | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Oklahoma |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7402R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Virginia |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7701D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Colorado |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N87WH | Walters George E LONG EZ |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Virginia |
Experimental | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9679U | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Virginia |
Standard | 2020-04-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2PX | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2020-04-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5464L | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Utah |
Standard | 2020-04-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N716RL | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2020-04-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N738RL | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Flying Dreams 2 LLC Louisville, Kentucky |
Standard | 2020-04-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N87109 | Bellanca 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Montana |
Standard | 2020-04-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N99048 | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Bradley Aircraft CO Columbus, Indiana |
Standard | 2020-04-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N26831 | Gulfstream American Corp AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Arizona |
Standard | 2020-03-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3453Q | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2020-03-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4454A | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Tennessee |
Standard | 2020-03-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4617R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner North Carolina |
Standard | 2020-03-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5272A | Piper PA-23-160 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2020-03-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N738JD | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Clover Management Systems INC Sanford, Florida |
Standard | 2020-03-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N75535 | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Skyhawk Cowboys LLC Port Angeles, Washington |
Standard | 2020-03-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N137ER | Socata TB 9 TAMPICO |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Tn Tfc LLC Nashville, Tennessee |
Standard | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1842J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New Jersey |
Standard | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3161P | Piper PA-23 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Ega Aero Specialty Services LLC Beaufort, South Carolina |
Standard | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N33CR | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Constitutional Defense Arizona LLC Scottsdale, Arizona |
Standard | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3905F | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Tennessee |
Standard | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N418RL | Greener Robert RG-3B |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Experimental | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6212F | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Parker Helicopter LLC Watsonville, California |
Standard | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N64EF | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Hampton Flying Services LLC Portsmouth, New Hampshire |
Standard | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7084Q | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N888TB | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Multiple | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N99341 | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jlinn Aviation INC Quinlan, Texas |
Standard | 2020-03-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N172JJ | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Fort Leavenworth Flying Activity Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |
Standard | 2020-03-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5783F | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner | Standard | 2020-03-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6071D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Standard | 2020-03-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4790J | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Amanzi LLC Brasstown, North Carolina |
Standard | 2020-03-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N549JT | Rumney Thomas G GLASTAR |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Pas Aviation INC Modesto, California |
Experimental | 2020-03-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N75972 | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aircraft Resource Center INC Lakeville, Minnesota |
Standard | 2020-03-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N80184 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Ljmf LLC Hays, Kansas |
Standard | 2020-03-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1930V | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Dodson International Parts INC Rantoul, Kansas |
Standard | 2020-03-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2014C | Tony S Long CANYON CUB |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Experimental | 2020-03-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N21564 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Georgia |
Standard | 2020-03-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N461TJ | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner U.S. Virgin Islands |
Standard | 2020-03-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4844F | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Knightair Enterprises LLC Caro, Michigan |
Standard | 2020-03-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N55968 | Cawood John C STARDUSTER SA-100 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Michigan |
Experimental | 2020-03-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N79027 | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Arrow North LLC Missoula, Montana |
Standard | 2020-03-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N26122 | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Smile Givers Chico, California |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3107Z | Piper PA-22-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Oregon |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N39FZ | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4479R | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Up and Up Aviation LLC Magnolia, Texas |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5735W | Piper PA-28-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Ohio |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6269D | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Congressional Flying Club INC Gaithersburg, Maryland |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N807AP | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Texas South Wind Aviation LLC Kenedy, Texas |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N82076 | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Kustatan Leasing LLC Nikiski, Alaska |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8734N | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Kansas |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9286M | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Wiley Aviation LLC Murfreesboro, Arkansas |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9858P | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Bentley Aero INC Wilmington, Delaware |
Standard | 2020-03-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N176L | Stimple Gerald L LANCAIR 235 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Georgia |
Experimental | 2020-03-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N391KS | Sibley Kent V ACRO SPORT II |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner South Carolina |
Experimental | 2020-03-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9881U | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner South Dakota |
Standard | 2020-03-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N113CK | Jacobs Donald RV6-A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Oklahoma |
Experimental | 2020-03-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N80476 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Sky Roamers LLC Columbus, Nebraska |
Standard | 2020-03-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2369J | Beech 23 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Indiana |
Standard | 2020-03-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N316JD | Martinez John F RV-4 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner California |
Experimental | 2020-03-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N62527 | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Flybarely LLC Manitowoc, Wisconsin |
Standard | 2020-03-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
Source: FAA Civil Aviation Registry, Releasable Aircraft Database (the engine reference table and each aircraft's engine code), October 9, 2026. Horsepower and thrust are the FAA's figures for the series, not for a particular aircraft.
