Lycoming O-320 series
27,315 aircraft on the U.S. register carry a Lycoming O-320 series engine, rated at about 180 horsepower. The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is the model most often fitted with it (9,462 aircraft). The aircraft carrying it were built between 1949 and 2026.
The FAA records engines by code, usually at the level of a series ("O-320 series") rather than the exact variant; this page gathers every FAA code that reads as Lycoming O-320 series (2 codes). FAA spellings: 0-320 SERIES · O-320 SERIES.
Fitted to model families
Model families, as a table
Cessna 172 Skyhawk · Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow · Piper PA-18 Super Cub · Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt · Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger · Bellanca 7 Citabria · Cessna 177 Cardinal · Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec · Robinson R22 · Champion 7 Citabria and Champ
Where they are owner's state
Kind of aircraft
By kind, as a table
| aircraft | share | |
|---|---|---|
| Piston singles | 26,597 | 97% |
| Piston twins | 414 | 2% |
| Helicopters | 303 | 1% |
| Gliders | 1 | 0.0% |
What the FAA has certified, ordered and been told about the Lycoming O-320 series the component layer
The design is held under 1 type certificate (E-274, held by Lycoming Engines). The FAA has issued 29 airworthiness directives (orders that owners must comply with) that name this engine series. Operators and repair shops have filed 349 failure reports with the FAA since 1995, 19 of them in the last ten years.
FAA orders 29 airworthiness directives · newest first
Failure reports 349 since · what operators and shops told the FAA
Failure reports by year, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| 95 | 2 |
| 96 | 1 |
| 97 | 2 |
| 98 | 6 |
| 00 | 7 |
| 01 | 39 |
| 02 | 24 |
| 03 | 39 |
| 04 | 30 |
| 05 | 41 |
| 06 | 23 |
| 07 | 32 |
| 08 | 18 |
| 09 | 15 |
| 10 | 13 |
| 11 | 7 |
| 12 | 10 |
| 13 | 4 |
| 14 | 6 |
| 15 | 2 |
| 16 | 9 |
| 17 | 1 |
| 18 | 6 |
| 19 | 1 |
| 20 | 3 |
| 21 | 1 |
| 23 | 2 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 4 |
Parts most often reported as the reports name them
Parts most reported, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| Spar | 18 |
| Tube | 17 |
| Cylinder | 15 |
| Bulkhead | 9 |
| Alternator | 8 |
| Control Cable | 8 |
| Bolt | 7 |
| Carburetor | 7 |
| Fitting | 6 |
| Float | 6 |
Latest reports
Certificates and bulletins
Safety bulletins 17 · advice, not orders
Sources: the FAA's type certificate data sheets, airworthiness directives, supplemental type certificates, special conditions and special airworthiness information bulletins (Dynamic Regulatory System), and the FAA's service difficulty reports. A failure report is what an operator or repair station chose to file; the counts show reporting as much as reliability, and larger and commercial fleets report more. How the systems are grouped.
Connections how this engine series links to the rest of the register
- Cessna 172 Skyhawk 9,462 with this engine series
- Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow 6,844 with this engine series
- Piper PA-18 Super Cub 2,393 with this engine series
- Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt 1,660 with this engine series
- Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger 566 with this engine series
- Bellanca 7 Citabria 563 with this engine series
- Cessna 177 Cardinal 398 with this engine series
- Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec 347 with this engine series
- Texas 2,351 of these aircraft
- California 2,123 of these aircraft
- Florida 2,077 of these aircraft
- Alaska 1,796 of these aircraft
- Washington 1,004 of these aircraft
- Wings Over Texas Holdings LLC 107 of these aircraft
- American Patrols INC 61 of these aircraft
- Paris Air INC 33 of these aircraft
- Civil Air Patrol INC 33 of these aircraft
- International Air Services INC Trustee 30 of these aircraft
- FAA orders naming the Lycoming O-320 series 29 airworthiness directives
- Failure reports on the Lycoming O-320 series 349 reports since 1995
The whole map of how records connect · these connections as data: /graph/engine/lycoming-o-320-series.json.
Aircraft newest certificates first · 27,315
| Tail no. | Maker and model | Group | Owner and base | Certificate | Registered | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N7028G | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Nebraska |
Standard | 2020-03-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7288Q | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aerosmith Aviation LLC Marietta, Georgia |
Standard | 2020-03-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N75163 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Missouri |
Standard | 2020-03-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2355E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Ace of Spades Aviation LLC Las Vegas, Nevada |
Standard | 2020-03-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N417RV | Smith Dwight VANS RV4 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arkansas |
Experimental | 2020-03-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6123F | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jws Aviation LLC Edina, Minnesota |
Standard | 2020-03-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N13228 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Leader Aviation LLC Glasgow, Montana |
Standard | 2020-03-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N202JW | White John GLA STAR |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Experimental | 2020-03-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2338Q | Beech 23 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Minnesota |
Standard | 2020-03-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N391DM | American Champion Aircraft 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Minnesota |
Standard | 2020-03-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N739HS | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Orange County Flight Center INC Santa Ana, California |
Standard | 2020-03-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N777DV | Stucker Virgil A AVID MAGNUM |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Idaho |
Experimental | 2020-03-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9903V | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Dwh Flight LLC Spring, Texas |
Standard | 2020-03-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1814J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Arizona |
Standard | 2020-03-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N20097 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Michigan |
Standard | 2020-03-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2364P | Piper PA-18A 150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Arizona |
Standard | 2020-03-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N443RV | Najarian Stephen N VANS RV9A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Experimental | 2020-03-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N44BL | Cessna 172I |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Nebraska |
Standard | 2020-03-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4911F | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2020-03-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5433E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aty Aviation INC Watertown, South Dakota |
Standard | 2020-03-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6863W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Thrust Vector LLC Austin, Texas |
Standard | 2020-03-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N783DG | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jeffery & Weiss Holdings LLC Long Beach, California |
Standard | 2020-03-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6684W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Standard | 2020-03-13 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1370E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Sprocket Aircraft Management LLC Kennesaw, Georgia |
Standard | 2020-03-12 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N33DV | Champion 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wyoming |
Standard | 2020-03-12 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N35FB | Boyd PITTS SPECIAL |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Ewins John H Danville, California |
Experimental | 2020-03-12 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N44655 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Kingdom Air CORP Sutton, Alaska |
Standard | 2020-03-12 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5740W | Piper PA-28-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Standard | 2020-03-12 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8149R | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Republic Aviation CORP Wilmington, Delaware |
Standard | 2020-03-12 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9171D | Piper PA-22-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Oregon |
Standard | 2020-03-12 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1517E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Heavy Metal Air LLC Farmingdale, New York |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1649P | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Sutton Aircraft Salvage LLC Palmer, Alaska |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1991W | Beech B19 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Gmm Records INC Big Pine Key, Florida |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N211HP | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | N211Hp LLC Lantana, Florida |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2607Y | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aero-Sphere INC Longmont, Colorado |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N35675 | Cessna 172I |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Scholand Gregory J West Ossipee, New Hampshire |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5653W | Piper PA-28-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New Jersey |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N737NJ | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Sutton Aircraft Salvage LLC Palmer, Alaska |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N739FU | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | 9Fu LLC Anchorage, Alaska |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7647G | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Iowa Lakes Community College Estherville, Iowa |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N84019 | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Missouri |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9641U | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Connecticut |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9734P | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2020-03-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4140Z | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2020-03-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N61786 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Northwest Wings LLC Hillsboro, Oregon |
Standard | 2020-03-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7468D | Piper PA-18A 150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Pine George D Tok, Alaska |
Standard | 2020-03-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4549Y | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Nebraska |
Standard | 2020-03-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N659FL | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Florida |
Standard | 2020-03-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N73334 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Heavy Metal Air LLC Farmingdale, New York |
Standard | 2020-03-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8354L | Cessna 172I |
Fixed-wing, single engine | East Texas Imperial Petroleum LLC Flint, Texas |
Standard | 2020-03-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N12RZ | Zapsky Richard M Jr GLASTAR |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Pennsylvania |
Experimental | 2020-03-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N21774 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Standard | 2020-03-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N84645 | Robinson Helicopter R22 |
Helicopter | In the Grey Aviation LLC Seadrift, Texas |
Standard | 2020-03-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N267CM | Piper PA-18-135 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Withheld at owner's request | Standard | 2020-03-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4317G | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2020-03-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5993W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Oklahoma |
Standard | 2020-03-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9980W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | All American Aviation Services INC Fayetteville, North Carolina |
Standard | 2020-03-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N11676 | Bellanca 7GCAA |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Stone Air LLC Carrollton, Georgia |
Standard | 2020-03-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1317E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Above and Beyond Aviation LLC Austin, Texas |
Standard | 2020-03-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2145F | American AA-5 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Georgia |
Standard | 2020-03-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N218RB | Stecher Joseph E RV-3 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Iowa |
Experimental | 2020-03-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2925X | Cessna 177 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2020-03-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N30151 | Cessna 177 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arkansas |
Standard | 2020-03-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4084Z | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Restricted | 2020-03-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4873A | Piper PA-18A 150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Standard | 2020-03-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9511K | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Tennessee |
Standard | 2020-03-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4370J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Ohio |
Standard | 2020-03-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6315W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Air Share Aviators Flight Club LLC Fairfax, California |
Standard | 2020-03-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N85ZZ | Glade Bernard W Jr FALCO |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Speed Products LLC Missoula, Montana |
Experimental | 2020-03-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3644P | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Vermont |
Standard | 2020-03-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N618A | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Indiana |
Standard | 2020-03-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N738WY | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Island Aircraft LLC Anchorage, Alaska |
Standard | 2020-02-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N739GG | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Raptor Aviation LLC South Saint Paul, Minnesota |
Standard | 2020-02-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N196RA | Alden Richard K 1996 GLASTAR |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Experimental | 2020-02-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N734ME | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Maine |
Multiple | 2020-02-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N814MS | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Oregon |
Standard | 2020-02-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N970PG | American Champion Aircraft 7GCAA |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Joyful Flight LLC Madison, Wisconsin |
Standard | 2020-02-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N32421 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Tennessee |
Standard | 2020-02-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N35421 | Cessna 172I |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner South Carolina |
Standard | 2020-02-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N47321 | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Griffith Aviation INC Griffith, Indiana |
Standard | 2020-02-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5444F | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Anderson Aviation LLC Bulverde, Texas |
Standard | 2020-02-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7567R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2020-02-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9417L | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jalomc LLC Glassport, Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2020-02-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N100RF | Beech B19 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | N100Rf Ghost LLC Burleson, Texas |
Standard | 2020-02-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2031 | Mong Sport MS-2 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Experimental | 2020-02-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N20047 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Flying Broke Acres LLC Lexington, Nebraska |
Standard | 2020-02-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N287P | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | N8297N LLC Evansville, Indiana |
Standard | 2020-02-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4375Z | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Rwr Air INC Tok, Alaska |
Multiple | 2020-02-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N51627 | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alabama |
Standard | 2020-02-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6501C | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Oklahoma |
Standard | 2020-02-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N739HK | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Southwest Aeronautics Mathematics & Science Acad Albuquerque, New Mexico |
Standard | 2020-02-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N883TC | Coughlin Brian T FOKKER DR-1 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Experimental | 2020-02-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9814P | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Montana |
Multiple | 2020-02-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N32056 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner California |
Standard | 2020-02-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5276W | Piper PA-28 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Third Step 2 LLC Wilmington, Delaware |
Standard | 2020-02-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N79929 | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | S & C Aero LLC Collierville, Tennessee |
Standard | 2020-02-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N21199 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Massachusetts |
Standard | 2020-02-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3282T | Cessna 177 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Cavu Aircraft Sales & Management INC Olyphant, Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2020-02-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N345AE | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Channel City Flyers INC Santa Barbara, California |
Standard | 2020-02-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4488Z | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Alaska Tailwheel LLC Fairbanks, Alaska |
Standard | 2020-02-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
Source: FAA Civil Aviation Registry, Releasable Aircraft Database (the engine reference table and each aircraft's engine code), October 9, 2026. Horsepower and thrust are the FAA's figures for the series, not for a particular aircraft.
