The U.S. aircraft register, updated daily
Parts · Airframe structure

Cap

774 failure reports named the cap in the last ten years, 2,069 since 1995, most often on the Lockheed 382; the condition most often found was "corroded". 1,490 FAA approvals let 25 companies make a replacement cap, Korry Electronics CO holding the most (694). The reports call it "cap", "t-cap", "cap assy", "t cap", "cap assembly" and 5 other ways.

Reports by year

039781161551995200020052010201520202025272026
Reports by year, as a table
reports
199551
199628
199750
199846
199949
200044
2001108
2002111
200352
200451
200542
200641
200743
200847
200954
201057
201193
2012155
201391
201439
201543
201661
201763
201897
2019122
202079
2021102
202282
202343
202466
202532
202627

How it failed the condition found, last ten years

corroded338cracked159missing91damaged33broken17dented15leaking15chafed12loose11unsecure10
Conditions found, as a table
reports
corroded338
cracked159
missing91
damaged33
broken17
dented15
leaking15
chafed12
loose11
unsecure10

Engines most often reporting it

Approved replacement parts 1,490 parts manufacturer approvals

A parts manufacturer approval (PMA) lets a company other than the aircraft's maker make a cap and sell it as an approved part for the models named. These are the companies holding such approvals for a cap:

For these models most: Boeing 747 (457), Boeing 737 (363), Boeing 757 (309), Boeing 767 (270), Boeing 727 (264), Boeing 707 (176), Boeing 777 (124), Mcdonnell Douglas DC-9 (111), Mcdonnell Douglas Aircraft Co MD-88 (95), Douglas DC-9 (74), Bombardier CL-600 Challenger and CRJ (67), Airbus A320 (49).

MakerPartReplacesFitsGrantedStatus
Space Exploration TechnologiesCAP, POE PASSTHRU 06654103-090Modification ArticleThe Boeing Company 737-700 Series, 737-800 Series,...2026-09-30current
Seal Dynamics INC. A Heico Aerospace CompanyCap - Tire Pressure 4305910630SD4305910630The Boeing Company 777-200 Series, 777-300 Series,...2026-09-21current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, GT32, 10 POS 256569-01256569-01The Boeing Company 777-323ER2026-08-13current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, CONN, D-SUB, #2 249691-03249691-03The Boeing Company 777-323ER2026-08-13current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY,CONN,D-SUB,#2 249691-01249691-01The Boeing Company 777-323ER2026-08-13current
Ram AerospaceCap, End 9-112439-11243Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PW305A, PW305B, PW306A2026-08-04current
Space Exploration Technologies6/10/2026CAP, POE PASSTHRU 06654103-090Modification ArticleThe Boeing Company 737-8, 737-800 Series, 737-92026-06-10current
Space Exploration TechnologiesCAP, POE PASSTHRU 06654103-090Modification ArticleThe Boeing Company 737-800 Series2026-05-13current
Space Exploration TechnologiesCAP, POE PASSTHRU 06654105-041Modification ArticleAirbus S.A.S. A330-200 Series2026-04-23current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY,CONN D-SUB #1 250272-06250272-06Airbus S.A.S. A350-10412026-04-03current
Pratt & WhitneyCAP 53219525321952Embraer S.A ERJ 190-300, ERJ 190-4002026-02-26current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY,CONN,D-SUB,#2 249691-01249691-01The Boeing Company 787-82026-02-16current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY,CONN,D-SUB,#2 249691-02249691-02The Boeing Company 787-82026-02-16current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY,CONN,D-SUB,#2 249691-04249691-04The Boeing Company 787-82026-02-16current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY,CONN D-SUB #1 250272-06250272-06The Boeing Company 787-82026-02-16current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY,CONN D-SUB #1 250272-07250272-07The Boeing Company 787-82026-02-16current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY,GT32,10 POS 256569-01256569-01The Boeing Company 787-82026-02-16current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT AM00018-004EME1040731-194EMEThe Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2025-11-13current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT, TRIPLE AM00018-005EME1040731-171EMEThe Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2025-11-13current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT AM00018-001EDB1040731-149EDBThe Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2025-11-13current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT AM00018-003EME1040731-193EMEThe Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2025-11-13current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT, TRIPLE AM00018-011EME1040731-681EMEThe Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2025-11-13current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT AM00018-001EME1040731-149EMEThe Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2025-11-13current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT, TRIPLE AM00018-007ELV1040731-187ELVThe Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2025-11-13current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT AM00020-001EME1062852-193EMEThe Boeing Company 777-200LR Series2025-11-13current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT, TRIPLE AM00018-009ELV1040731-613ELVThe Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2025-11-13current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP,VENT, TRIPLE AM00018-013EME1040731-683EMEThe Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2025-11-13current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, GT17, 2X2 256425-01256425-01Airbus SAS A321-253NY2025-11-12current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY,CONN, D-SUB, #2 J1 249691-01249691-01Airbus SAS A321-253NY2025-11-12current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, GT32 256569-01256569-01Airbus SAS A321-253NY2025-11-12current
Soundair Aviation ServicesCAP ASSEMBLY SP2514-06-1175383-0271-1Airbus SAS A300, Model B2-1C, A3002025-10-01current
Soundair Aviation ServicesCAP ASSEMBLY SP2514-06-1175383-0271-1The Boeing Company 727 Series, 727-100C Series, 727-200 Series2025-10-01current
Safran Cabin INC.Cap3/4 Fr Ctr Bin 9855044-759855044-75Airbus S.A.S. A330-3032025-08-18current
Safran Cabin INC.Cap3/4 Fr Ctr Bin 9855044-759855044-75Airbus S.A.S. A330-3432025-08-18current
Safran Cabin INC.Cap3/4 Fr Ctr Bin 9855044-759855044-75Airbus S.A.S. A330-2432025-08-18current
Space Exploration TechnologiesCAP, POE PASSTHRU 06654103-090Modification ArticleAirbus SAS A320 Series2025-03-03current
Turbine Kinetics INC, A Heico Aerospace CompanyCap, Protective 325657KT325657The BoeingCompany 737-600 Series, 737-700 Series,...2024-12-19current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, DCPS3 J8/J9 250272-04250272-04Airbus SAS A350-9412024-12-11current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, CONNECTOR D-SUB, SIZE 1 250272-01250272-01Airbus SAS A350-9412024-11-27current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, CONN, D-SUB, #2 249691-02249691-02Airbus SAS A350-10412024-11-20current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, CONN, D-SUB, #2 249691-01249691-01Airbus SAS A350-10412024-11-20current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, GT32, 10 POS 256569-01256569-01Airbus SAS A350-10412024-11-20current
Thales Avionics INC.CAP ASSY, CONN, D-SUB, #1 250272-04250272-04Airbus SAS A350-10412024-11-20current
Aviatron INC.Cap, Insulator Shield AVUS3184893-43184893-4MHI RJ Aviation ULC CL-600-2C10 (Regional Jet Series...2024-10-28current
Hemico INC.Cap HEM45032-745032-7Textron Aviation Inc. 400, 400A, MU-300-102024-10-17current active
Hemico INC.Cap HEM100-430060-3100-430060-3Textron Aviation Inc 100, 200, 200T2024-10-16current
Garmin International INCCAP, SB50 DUST COVER 330-90094-10Modification PartTextron Aviation Inc. 560XL2024-09-27current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP ASSY, CLOSEOUT AM70075-0515CM002CF505The Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2024-09-23current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP ASSY, CLOSEOUT AM70108-0515CM002CF511The Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2024-09-23current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP ASSY, CLOSEOUT AM70108-0535CM002CF509The Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2024-09-23current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP ASSY, CLOSEOUT AM70075-0535CM002CF507The Boeing Company 777-300ER Series2024-09-23current
Lanair Research and Development INCCap LA140-15320140-15320MHI RJ Aviation ULC CL-600-2B19 (Regional Jet Series 100 & 440)2024-09-04current
Jet Avion Corporation A Heico Aerospace CompanyCap Assembly 649-051-001-0JA649-051-001-0CFM International CFM56-5B1, CFM56-5B2, CFM56-5B42024-05-31current
AdpmaCap ADP38033-115800-318The Boeing Company 737-700 Series, 737-800 Series,...2024-05-08current
AdpmaCap ADP38033-115800-318Airbus SAS A318 Model -111, A318 Model -112,...2024-05-08current
AdpmaCap ADP38033-115800-318Embraer S.A. ERJ 170-200LR, ERJ 190-100LR2024-05-08current
Vision Air Services, LLCCap 41101007VA41101007Bell Textron Canada Limited 206A, 206B2024-02-21current
Vision Air Services, LLCCap VA-C42641-71C42641-71Bell Textron Canada Limited 206A, 206B2024-02-21current
Safran Electronics & Defense Avionics USA LLCCap Assembly 1400J16A11400J16A1De Havilland... DHC-8-100 Series, DHC-8-200 Series,...2024-02-13current
Safran Electronics & Defense Avionics USA LLCCap Assembly 1400J16C31400J16C3De Havilland... DHC-8-100 Series, DHC-8-200 Series,...2024-02-13current
Safran Electronics & Defense Avionics USA LLCCap Assembly 1400J12C31400J12C3De Havilland... DHC-8-100 Series, DHC-8-200 Series,...2024-02-13current
Ametek Ameron LLC D/B/A Mass SystemsCap M94175-494175-4Textron Aviation Inc. 402C2024-01-18current
Jet Parts Engineering INCCap, Drive APM60072986007298MHI RJ Aviation ULC CL-600-2C10 (Regional Jet Series...2023-11-29current
Jet Parts Engineering INCCap, Drive Wheel Speed APM140-15320140-15320601R87000-7MHI RJ Aviation ULC CL-600-2B19 (Regional Jet Series 100 & 440)2023-11-29current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP ASSY, CLOSEOUT AM70004-0515CM002CF501Airbus SAS A380-342, A380-3612023-06-20current
B/E Aerospace, INC.CAP ASSY, CLOSEOUT AM70004-0535CM002CF503Airbus SAS A380-342, A380-3612023-06-20current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, CONN, D-SUB, #2 249691-01249691-01Airbus A350-10412022-12-19current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, CONN, D-SUB, #2 249691-02249691-02Airbus A350-10412022-12-19current
Safran Electronics & Defense Avionics USA LLCCAP ASSEMBLY 1400J12C11400J12C1ATR - GIE Avions de... ATR42-200, ATR42-300, ATR42-3202022-11-08current
Safran Electronics & Defense Avionics USA LLCCAP ASSEMBLY 1400J16C11400J16C1ATR - GIE Avions de... ATR42-200, ATR42-300, ATR42-3202022-11-08current
Amsafe BridportCAP 65B54931-565B54931-5BOEING 747-100 SERIES, 747-200B SERIES,...2022-09-27current
Amsafe BridportCAP 69B53548-569B53548-5BOEING 747-100 SERIES, 747-200B SERIES2022-09-27current
Amsafe BridportCAP 69B54165-269B54165-2BOEING 747-100 SERIES, 747-200B SERIES,...2022-09-27current
Amsafe BridportCAP 69B53548-369B53548-3BOEING 747-100 SERIES, 747-200B SERIES2022-09-27current
Amsafe BridportCAP 69B54165-169B54165-1BOEING 747-100 SERIES, 747-200B SERIES,...2022-09-27current
Jet Parts Engineering INCCap 7500027JP7500027Boeing 737-600 Series, 737-700 Series,...2022-09-13current
Av8 Pma, LLC.Cap NP-2317-5114-0012317-5114-001EMBRAER S.A. EMB-5052022-08-25current
Av8 Pma, LLC.Cap NP-2310-1145-0052310-1145-005EMBRAER S.A. EMB-5052022-06-08current
Airborne Maintenance & Engineering ServicesCap 007-01704-213007-01704-213Boeing 737-3002022-05-12current
Airborne Maintenance & Engineering ServicesCap 007-04524-11007-04524-11Boeing 737-7002022-04-25current
Airborne Maintenance & Engineering ServicesCap 0340-25-0016-3210340-25-0016-321Boeing 737-7002022-04-25current
Airborne Maintenance & Engineering ServicesCap 007-04524-7007-04524-7Boeing 737-7002022-04-25current
Woodward INCCap PK3654-08PK3654-08Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-66XT2022-04-15current
Woodward INCCap 1219-13601219-1360Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-66XT2022-04-15current
Woodward INCCap 1219-13561219-1356Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-66XT2022-04-15current
Woodward INCCap 1219-13641219-1364Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-66XT2022-04-15current
Woodward INCCap 1219-13581219-1358Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-66XT2022-04-15current
Woodward INCCap PK3654-46PK3654-46Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6E-66XT2022-04-14current
Woodward INCCap 1219-13771219-1377Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6E-66XT2022-04-14current
Woodward Mpc, INCCap 2994475061A2994475061APratt & Whitney Canada Corp PT6E-66XT2022-03-28current
Woodward Mpc, INCCap 2994475037A2994475037APratt & Whitney Canada Corp PT6E-66XT2022-03-28current
Woodward Mpc, INCCap D38999/33F15RD38999/33F15RPratt & Whitney Canada Corp PT6E-66XT2022-03-28current
Seal Dynamics INCCap 1291M11P01SD1291M11P01The Boeing Company MD-11F2022-03-17current
Woodward Mpc, INCCAP 2994475061A2994475061APratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-67XP2022-01-19current
Woodward Mpc, INCCAP 2994475037A2994475037APratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-67XP2022-01-19current
Woodward INCCAP 2994475037A2994475037APratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-67XP2021-11-08current
Woodward INCCAP 2994475061A2994475061APratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-67XP2021-11-08current
Woodward INCCAP 1219-13771219-1377Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-67XP2021-10-27current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCap Assy 0016-0026-10016-0026-1Boeing DC-9-14, DC-9-15, DC-9-15F2021-10-26current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCap Assy, Water Fill 0016-0029-10016-0029-1Boeing 747-400 SERIES2021-10-26current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCap Assy 0016-0015-100016-0015-10Boeing MD-11 SERIES, MD-11F SERIES2021-10-26current
Jet Avion Corporation A Heico Aerospace CompanyCap RD797850-2Hamilton Sundstrand P/N:797850-2The Boeing Company 747-100 Series747-100B...2021-10-21current
L2 AviationCap, Vinyl, 1.000 ID 2100L2PE-000-1000-162100L2PE-000-1000-16Boeing 767-200 Series767-300 Series767-300F Series2021-10-09current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY, FILTER UNIT PRESSURE RELIEF WITH INTERLOCK 9420J24C0019420J24C001Dassault Aviation FALCON 900EX, MYSTERE FALCON 50,...2021-10-08current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSEMBLY 1400J12A21400J12A2Dassault Aviation MYSTERE FALCON 50, MYSTERE FALCON...2021-10-08current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSEMBLY 1400J16A31400J16A3Dassault Aviation MYSTERE FALCON 9002021-10-08current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSEMBLY 1400J16C19302818-001Saab AB 340A (SAAB/SF340A), SAAB 340B, SAAB 20002021-10-01current
Carson Helicopters, INC.Cap, Vent S6120-62189-17Modification PartSikorsky S-61N2021-08-23current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSEMBLY 1400J12AC1400J12ACBoeing 737-200 SERIES2021-07-15current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY 0016-0015-130016-0015-13Boeing 727-100 SERIES, 727-200 SERIES2021-06-30current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSEMBLY 1400J12A1400J12ABoeing 727-100 SERIES2021-06-24current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSEMBLY, LAVATORY DRAIN 4.00 SIZE 2651-256-12651-256-1Boeing 747-100 SERIES, 747-200B SERIES,...2021-06-24current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, GT32 256569-02256569-02Airbus A321-271NX2021-04-30current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY 0016-0015-120016-0015-12Boeing 737-600 SERIES, 737-700SERIES, 737-82021-04-15current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY 0016-0015-70016-0015-7Boeing 767-200 SERIES, 767-300SERIES2021-04-15current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY 0016-0015-10016-0015-1Boeing 737-200 SERIES, 737-300SERIES2021-04-15current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY, WATER FILL 0016-0028-10016-0028-1Boeing 747-400F SERIES2021-04-15current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY 0016-0015-40016-0015-4Boeing 737-300 SERIES, 737-400SERIES, 737-500 SERIES2021-04-15current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY - RINSE FITTING 1 IN, NOMOUNTING HOLES 0016-0019-10016-0019-1Boeing 737-500 SERIES2021-04-15current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY - LEVER OPERATED -12 SIZE 0016J001612C620016J001612C62Boeing 777F SERIES2021-04-15current
Safran Electronics & Defense, Avionics USA, LLCCAP ASSY - LEVER OPERATED -12 SIZE 0016J001612C620016J001612C62Boeing 747-400 SERIES2021-04-15current
Aviation Materials Management, INCCAP ASSY 65-44914-1265-44914-12Boeing 737-300 SERIES, 737-400 SERIES,...2021-03-24current
3 Points AviationCap Assy, LH Keel 85330217-009-3PA85330217-009Bombardier DHC-8-300 Series2021-02-05current
3 Points AviationCap Assy, LH Keel 85330217-007-3PA85330217-007Bombardier DHC-8-100 Series, DHC-8-200 Series2021-02-05current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP BACC14AD12BACC14AD12Boeing 707-100B SERIES, 707-300 SERIES,...2020-10-12current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, GT17, 2X2 256425-01256425-01Airbus A321-253NX2020-09-30current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, CONN, D-SUB 249691-01249691-01Airbus A321-253NX2020-09-30current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, GT32 256569-01256569-01Airbus A321-253NX2020-09-30current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP BACC14AD06JLBACC14AD06JLBoeing 727-200 SERIES, 737-200 SERIES,...2020-09-24current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP BACC14AD04JBACC14AD04JBoeing 727-200 SERIES, 737-300 SERIES,...2020-09-24current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP, PRESSURE SEAL BACC14AD04NBACC14AD04NBoeing 737-300 SERIES, 737-400 SERIES,...2020-09-24current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP BACC14AD06JBACC14AD06JBoeing 727-200 SERIES, 737-100 SERIES,...2020-09-24current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP BACC14AD04BACC14AD04Boeing 737-200 SERIES, 737-200C SERIES,...2020-09-24current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP BACC14AD04DLBACC14AD04DLBoeing 737-600 SERIES, 737-700 SERIES,...2020-09-24current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP BACC14AD06BACC14AD06Boeing 737-200 SERIES, 747-100 SERIES,...2020-09-24current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP BACC14AD06DBACC14AD06DBoeing 727-200 SERIES, 727-200F SERIES,...2020-09-24current
Kirkhill Aircraft Parts CO. DBA ProponentCAP BACC14AD4BACC14AD4Boeing 727-200 SERIES, 737-200C SERIES,...2020-09-24current
Korry Electronics COCap Assembly, Lighted Assembly 10 AL10 ALBoeing 727-200 Series2020-08-05current
Korry Electronics COCap Assembly, Lighted Assembly 10 GL10 GLBoeing 727-200 Series2020-08-05current
Woodward INCCAP - .875-14 X .600 LG. AN TYPE 1219-13641219-1364Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-67XP2020-06-25current
Woodward INCCAP - .715 OD YELLOW SHIPPING (TAB PK3654) PK3654-46PK3654-46Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. PT6E-67XP2020-06-25current
Jet Parts Engineering INCCap 5500507JP5500507Boeing 747-400 Series, 767-200 Series,...2020-06-15current
Jet Parts Engineering INCCap 5500507JP5500507Boeing 747-400 Series, 767-200 Series,...2020-05-09current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, GT17, 2X2 256425-01256425-01Boeing 787-82020-03-23current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, GT32 256569-01256569-01Boeing 787-82020-03-23current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, CONNECTOR, D-SUB, #2 249691-03249691-03Boeing 787-82020-03-23current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, GT32, 10 POS 256569-01256569-01Airbus A330-9412020-01-26current
Continental Aerospace Technologies INCCap, Exhaust Valve AEL1938617C19386, MS13998-3Lycoming O-320-no suffix, A1A, A1B2020-01-06current
Continental Aerospace Technologies INCCap, Valve Stem, Intake AEL6238862388Lycoming IO-360-A1A, A1B, A1B62020-01-06current
Thales Avionics INCCAP ASSY, CONNECTOR, D-SUB, #2 249691-01249691-01Boeing 787-102019-11-05current

The first 150 of 400.

Sources: the FAA's service difficulty reports since 1995 (a report is a part that failed and was fixed, as filed by an airline, repair station or owner; the count shows reporting as much as reliability) and the parts manufacturer approvals in the FAA's Dynamic Regulatory System. The part name is the reporters' and the approval holders' own words, reduced to the first plain words so that spellings meet.