Lycoming TIO-540 series
5,079 aircraft on the U.S. register carry a Lycoming TIO-540 series engine, rated at about 310 horsepower. The Piper PA-32 Cherokee Six, Lance and Saratoga is the model most often fitted with it (1,727 aircraft). The aircraft carrying it were built between 1962 and 2024.
The FAA records engines by code, usually at the level of a series ("O-320 series") rather than the exact variant; this page gathers every FAA code that reads as Lycoming TIO-540 series (3 codes). FAA spellings: TI0-540 SER · TIO 540 SER · TIO 540 SER.
Fitted to model families
Model families, as a table
Piper PA-32 Cherokee Six, Lance and Saratoga · Piper PA-31 Navajo and Chieftain · Piper PA-24 Comanche · Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec · Cessna T182 Turbo Skylane · Piper PA-46 Malibu, Mirage, Matrix and M-Class · Cessna T206 Turbo Stationair · Mooney M-20 · Bellanca 17 Viking · Aero Commander 500
Where they are owner's state
Kind of aircraft
By kind, as a table
| aircraft | share | |
|---|---|---|
| Piston singles | 3,407 | 67% |
| Piston twins | 1,350 | 27% |
| Turboprops | 319 | 6% |
| Helicopters | 3 | 0.1% |
What the FAA has certified, ordered and been told about the Lycoming TIO-540 series the component layer
The design is held under 1 type certificate (E14EA, held by Lycoming Engines). The FAA has issued 41 airworthiness directives (orders that owners must comply with) that name this engine series. Operators and repair shops have filed 363 failure reports with the FAA since 1995, 11 of them in the last ten years.
FAA orders 41 airworthiness directives · newest first
Failure reports 363 since · what operators and shops told the FAA
Failure reports by year, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| 95 | 1 |
| 97 | 4 |
| 98 | 3 |
| 00 | 11 |
| 01 | 56 |
| 02 | 52 |
| 03 | 46 |
| 04 | 32 |
| 05 | 37 |
| 06 | 23 |
| 07 | 15 |
| 08 | 16 |
| 09 | 12 |
| 10 | 14 |
| 11 | 9 |
| 12 | 11 |
| 13 | 2 |
| 14 | 5 |
| 15 | 3 |
| 17 | 3 |
| 18 | 1 |
| 19 | 4 |
| 21 | 1 |
| 24 | 1 |
| 25 | 1 |
Parts most often reported as the reports name them
Parts most reported, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| Bolt | 15 |
| Pump | 10 |
| Cylinder | 8 |
| Regulator | 8 |
| Skin | 8 |
| Tube | 8 |
| Spar | 7 |
| Wheel | 7 |
| Bearing | 6 |
| Brace | 6 |
Latest reports
Certificates and bulletins
Safety bulletins 10 · advice, not orders
Sources: the FAA's type certificate data sheets, airworthiness directives, supplemental type certificates, special conditions and special airworthiness information bulletins (Dynamic Regulatory System), and the FAA's service difficulty reports. A failure report is what an operator or repair station chose to file; the counts show reporting as much as reliability, and larger and commercial fleets report more. How the systems are grouped.
Connections how this engine series links to the rest of the register
- Piper PA-32 Cherokee Six, Lance and Saratoga 1,727 with this engine series
- Piper PA-31 Navajo and Chieftain 561 with this engine series
- Piper PA-24 Comanche 535 with this engine series
- Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec 513 with this engine series
- Cessna T182 Turbo Skylane 313 with this engine series
- Piper PA-46 Malibu, Mirage, Matrix and M-Class 254 with this engine series
- Cessna T206 Turbo Stationair 253 with this engine series
- Mooney M-20 223 with this engine series
- Florida 518 of these aircraft
- Texas 493 of these aircraft
- California 391 of these aircraft
- Delaware 238 of these aircraft
- Arizona 150 of these aircraft
- Central Airlines INC 20 of these aircraft
- Bas Part Sales LLC 20 of these aircraft
- International Air Services INC Trustee 19 of these aircraft
- Pacific Fleet Aviation LLC 18 of these aircraft
- Southern Aircraft Consultancy INC Trustee 17 of these aircraft
- FAA orders naming the Lycoming TIO-540 series 41 airworthiness directives
- Failure reports on the Lycoming TIO-540 series 363 reports since 1995
These connections as data: /graph/engine/lycoming-tio-540-series.json · about the eFlight graph.
Aircraft newest certificates first · 5,079
| Tail no. | Maker and model | Group | Owner and base | Certificate | Registered | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N70JM | Piper PA-32R-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Triple M Investments LLC Whitehall, Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2019-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N888YA | Piper PA-31-350 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Ads-B Technologies LLC Anchorage, Alaska |
Standard | 2019-01-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4208R | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Peh Aviation LLC Morristown, Tennessee |
Standard | 2019-01-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8069S | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Colorado |
Standard | 2019-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N20817 | Piper PA-32RT-300T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Arizona |
Standard | 2019-01-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5205U | Cessna T182T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Standard | 2019-01-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2454F | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2019-01-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6556V | Bellanca 17-31A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2019-01-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9602E | Bellanca 17-31ATC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Washington |
Standard | 2019-01-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N232YP | Piper PA-24-250 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Standard | 2019-01-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8752E | Piper PA-32R-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | H & T Air LLC Huron, South Dakota |
Standard | 2019-01-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N351WT | Piper PA 46-350P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Free Bird Air LLC Raymond, Nebraska |
Standard | 2019-01-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4118B | Piper PA-31-350 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | 4118B Leasing LLC Hallandale Beach, Florida |
Standard | 2019-01-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N72623 | Cessna T206H |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Law Office of Vincent G Rieger PC Kalispell, Montana |
Standard | 2019-01-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N730MC | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Cpc2 Aviation LLC Hoover, Alabama |
Standard | 2019-01-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N26GP | Piper PA-31-325 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Gpi Geospatial INC Orlando, Florida |
Standard | 2018-12-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8986P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Nevada |
Standard | 2018-12-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4069W | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2018-12-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8571P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New Mexico |
Standard | 2018-12-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N182HF | Cessna 182T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2018-12-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4085R | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2018-12-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3120E | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2018-12-13 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N27ZZ | Cessna 310I |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Idaho |
Standard | 2018-12-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N317GC | Piper PA 46-350P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Gospel Carrier International INC North Potomac, Maryland |
Standard | 2018-12-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N245LC | Socata TB21 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Image Craft LLC Phoenix, Arizona |
Standard | 2018-12-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N400S | Piper PA-31-310 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Hogan Aviation LLC Marlton, New Jersey |
Standard | 2018-12-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8381V | Piper PA-32-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aurora Direct LLC West Linn, Oregon |
Standard | 2018-12-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N108JL | Piper PA-31-350 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Star Marianas Aviation School INC Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands |
Standard | 2018-12-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N777BS | Smith AEROSTAR 601 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Colorado |
Standard | 2018-12-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N63759 | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Co-owned owner Michigan |
Multiple | 2018-11-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9312P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2018-11-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N14SG | Rockwell International 114 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner California |
Standard | 2018-11-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N47ER | Piper PA 46-350P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | 15 East Management INC Wake Forest, North Carolina |
Standard | 2018-11-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N21NC | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Bearing Tree Land Surveying LLC Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
Restricted | 2018-11-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N20NC | Socata TB21 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Johnson Professional Aviation LLC League City, Texas |
Standard | 2018-11-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N56PG | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Elite Holdings INC Wilmington, Delaware |
Standard | 2018-11-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N117GH | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aircraft Guaranty CORP Trustee Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
Standard | 2018-11-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6137J | Piper PA-32R-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Bradford III Properties LLC Huntersville, North Carolina |
Standard | 2018-11-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8052P | Piper PA-24-250 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Cornerstone Dec LTD Chico, California |
Standard | 2018-11-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8928P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Kansas |
Standard | 2018-11-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1154X | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Standard | 2018-11-13 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N141ME | Piper PA-31-350 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2018-11-13 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9289P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2018-11-13 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N300AM | Smith AEROSTAR 601P |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Sky West Aviation INC Trustee Albuquerque, New Mexico |
Standard | 2018-11-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N323RF | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Protem Professionals LLC Miller Place, New York |
Standard | 2018-11-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1048D | Mooney M20M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Virginia |
Standard | 2018-11-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4065R | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2018-11-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N519WR | Piper PA 46-350P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Tsmhta LLC Indianapolis, Indiana |
Standard | 2018-11-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1355T | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Rmf Trucking LLC Tuscaloosa, Alabama |
Standard | 2018-11-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2209T | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Sngdo Aviation LLC Spring Hill, Florida |
Standard | 2018-11-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6215X | Aero Commander 500-B |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Standard | 2018-11-06 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N973CP | Piper PA32-301XTC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Tarpon Air LLC St Pete Beach, Florida |
Standard | 2018-11-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8673N | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Idaho |
Standard | 2018-10-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6711Y | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Aero Services Lc Woods Cross, Utah |
Standard | 2018-10-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9219P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2018-10-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N725TB | Socata TB21 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aircraft Guaranty CORP Trustee Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
Standard | 2018-10-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1888E | Socata TB21 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Standard | 2018-10-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N954TT | Piper PA-32R-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Air Hooker LLC Oakland Park, Florida |
Standard | 2018-10-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6273J | Piper PA-32R-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Lance J Piper LLC Green Bay, Wisconsin |
Standard | 2018-10-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8826P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Ingalls Equipment LLC Redlands, California |
Standard | 2018-10-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N88RH | Piper PA-32R-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Keystone Flyer LLC Avon, Indiana |
Standard | 2018-10-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5922Y | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Ultimate Air Parts LLC Strasburg, Virginia |
Standard | 2018-10-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4019R | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Washington |
Standard | 2018-10-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8549A | Aerofab Inc LAKE 250 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Missouri |
Standard | 2018-10-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N507JB | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2018-10-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5911Y | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Co-owned owner Tennessee |
Standard | 2018-09-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N27527 | Piper PA-31-350 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | N27527 LLC Florence, South Carolina |
Standard | 2018-09-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9259P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Rhode Island |
Standard | 2018-09-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N182BZ | Cessna R182 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Standard | 2018-09-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9516E | Bellanca 17-31ATC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Illinois |
Standard | 2018-09-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9246P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2018-09-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N349MA | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2018-09-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4162R | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2018-09-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N555PR | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Harlan Thomas D Fresno, California |
Standard | 2018-09-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N65324 | Cessna 182T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2018-09-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N60MB | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Texas |
None on file | 2018-09-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4043M | Piper PA-31-350 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Premier Air Charters INC Coram, New York |
Standard | 2018-09-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7069D | Piper PA-31-310 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | So Many Trees LLC Hanover, New Hampshire |
Standard | 2018-09-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2098C | Cessna T182T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Connecticut |
Standard | 2018-09-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6868A | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Flamingo Air INC Cincinnati, Ohio |
Standard | 2018-09-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N53682 | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner North Carolina |
Standard | 2018-08-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4033R | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Colorado |
Standard | 2018-08-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4328B | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New Hampshire |
Standard | 2018-08-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5198G | Cessna T182T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Nevada |
Standard | 2018-08-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N458MG | Cessna T182T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Flywheel LLC Charleston, West Virginia |
Standard | 2018-08-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N15293 | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Standard | 2018-08-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N589RT | Cessna T206H |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner New Mexico |
Standard | 2018-08-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N161BL | Aero Commander 500-B |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Airborne Holdings INC Midlothian, Texas |
Standard | 2018-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N812MB | Piper PA 46-350P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Texas |
Standard | 2018-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N850CM | Beech A60 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | N850Cm LLC San Luis Obispo, California |
Standard | 2018-08-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N84481 | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Virginia |
Standard | 2018-08-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N43CC | Piper PA-23-250 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Wpb Pilot Service LLC West Palm Beach, Florida |
Standard | 2018-08-13 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N555UW | Piper PA-32RT-300T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Georgia |
Standard | 2018-08-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2681T | Piper PA-28-235 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2018-08-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8984P | Piper PA-24-260 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Oregon |
Standard | 2018-08-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N787AR | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2018-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2821G | Piper PA-32-300 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | H&M Air LLC Metamora, Michigan |
Standard | 2018-08-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N362AB | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2018-08-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N92LL | Piper PA-32R-301T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2018-08-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N832TC | Cessna 182T |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Four Pines LLC Grand Rapids, Minnesota |
Standard | 2018-07-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
Source: FAA Civil Aviation Registry, Releasable Aircraft Database (the engine reference table and each aircraft's engine code), October 7, 2026. Horsepower and thrust are the FAA's figures for the series, not for a particular aircraft.
