Lycoming O-320 series
27,315 aircraft on the U.S. register carry a Lycoming O-320 series engine, rated at about 180 horsepower. The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is the model most often fitted with it (9,462 aircraft). The aircraft carrying it were built between 1949 and 2026.
The FAA records engines by code, usually at the level of a series ("O-320 series") rather than the exact variant; this page gathers every FAA code that reads as Lycoming O-320 series (2 codes). FAA spellings: 0-320 SERIES · O-320 SERIES.
Fitted to model families
Model families, as a table
Cessna 172 Skyhawk · Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow · Piper PA-18 Super Cub · Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt · Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger · Bellanca 7 Citabria · Cessna 177 Cardinal · Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec · Robinson R22 · Champion 7 Citabria and Champ
Where they are owner's state
Kind of aircraft
By kind, as a table
| aircraft | share | |
|---|---|---|
| Piston singles | 26,597 | 97% |
| Piston twins | 414 | 2% |
| Helicopters | 303 | 1% |
| Gliders | 1 | 0.0% |
What the FAA has certified, ordered and been told about the Lycoming O-320 series the component layer
The design is held under 1 type certificate (E-274, held by Lycoming Engines). The FAA has issued 29 airworthiness directives (orders that owners must comply with) that name this engine series. Operators and repair shops have filed 349 failure reports with the FAA since 1995, 19 of them in the last ten years.
FAA orders 29 airworthiness directives · newest first
Failure reports 349 since · what operators and shops told the FAA
Failure reports by year, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| 95 | 2 |
| 96 | 1 |
| 97 | 2 |
| 98 | 6 |
| 00 | 7 |
| 01 | 39 |
| 02 | 24 |
| 03 | 39 |
| 04 | 30 |
| 05 | 41 |
| 06 | 23 |
| 07 | 32 |
| 08 | 18 |
| 09 | 15 |
| 10 | 13 |
| 11 | 7 |
| 12 | 10 |
| 13 | 4 |
| 14 | 6 |
| 15 | 2 |
| 16 | 9 |
| 17 | 1 |
| 18 | 6 |
| 19 | 1 |
| 20 | 3 |
| 21 | 1 |
| 23 | 2 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 4 |
Parts most often reported as the reports name them
Parts most reported, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| Spar | 18 |
| Tube | 17 |
| Cylinder | 15 |
| Bulkhead | 9 |
| Alternator | 8 |
| Control Cable | 8 |
| Bolt | 7 |
| Carburetor | 7 |
| Fitting | 6 |
| Float | 6 |
Latest reports
Certificates and bulletins
Safety bulletins 17 · advice, not orders
Sources: the FAA's type certificate data sheets, airworthiness directives, supplemental type certificates, special conditions and special airworthiness information bulletins (Dynamic Regulatory System), and the FAA's service difficulty reports. A failure report is what an operator or repair station chose to file; the counts show reporting as much as reliability, and larger and commercial fleets report more. How the systems are grouped.
Connections how this engine series links to the rest of the register
- Cessna 172 Skyhawk 9,462 with this engine series
- Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow 6,844 with this engine series
- Piper PA-18 Super Cub 2,393 with this engine series
- Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt 1,660 with this engine series
- Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger 566 with this engine series
- Bellanca 7 Citabria 563 with this engine series
- Cessna 177 Cardinal 398 with this engine series
- Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec 347 with this engine series
- Texas 2,351 of these aircraft
- California 2,123 of these aircraft
- Florida 2,077 of these aircraft
- Alaska 1,796 of these aircraft
- Washington 1,004 of these aircraft
- Wings Over Texas Holdings LLC 107 of these aircraft
- American Patrols INC 61 of these aircraft
- Paris Air INC 33 of these aircraft
- Civil Air Patrol INC 33 of these aircraft
- International Air Services INC Trustee 30 of these aircraft
- FAA orders naming the Lycoming O-320 series 29 airworthiness directives
- Failure reports on the Lycoming O-320 series 349 reports since 1995
The whole map of how records connect · these connections as data: /graph/engine/lycoming-o-320-series.json.
Aircraft newest certificates first · 27,315
| Tail no. | Maker and model | Group | Owner and base | Certificate | Registered | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N1594U | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner South Carolina |
Standard | 2025-02-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2526W | Wassom Warren Clarke RV-6A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Experimental | 2025-02-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2883T | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2025-02-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3991X | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Packaging Plus INC Fishers, Indiana |
Standard | 2025-02-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N61630 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Montana |
Standard | 2025-02-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N733WT | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Anderson Aviation Services INC Carlsbad, California |
Standard | 2025-02-05 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N55563 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2025-02-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N57517 | Bellanca 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Du Aircraft Leasing Green Bay, Wisconsin |
Standard | 2025-02-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7135Q | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Iowa |
Standard | 2025-02-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8224N | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Dc Aviation LLC Appleton, Wisconsin |
Standard | 2025-02-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1193M | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Eagle Sky Patrol INC Deadwood, South Dakota |
Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1330T | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Premium Air LLC Bloomfield, Michigan |
Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N200DM | Mc Manus Jack WAGAERO SPTSMAN 2+2 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N21588 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jackson Hole Airport Board Jackson, Wyoming |
Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3996Q | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3RW | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Massachusetts |
Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4242Q | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Withheld at owner's request | Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N54421 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5628W | Piper PA-28-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | B & D Aviators LLC Bremen, Indiana |
Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N665GA | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Flight Club 502 INC Louisville, Kentucky |
Standard | 2025-02-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1188M | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Trim Tab LLC Fort Collins, Colorado |
Standard | 2025-02-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N339T | Piper PA-18 105 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Restricted | 2025-02-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N55KE | Ellis Keith W RV-6 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Washington |
Experimental | 2025-02-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9653U | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2025-02-01 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N12516 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2025-01-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1958P | Piper PA-22-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2025-01-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N75871 | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Blue Wing Flyer LLC Marietta, Georgia |
Standard | 2025-01-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8236N | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | 8Asplanes LLC Lewes, Delaware |
Standard | 2025-01-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8856N | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Florida |
Standard | 2025-01-31 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N12830 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | All Sports Aviation LLC Spokane, Washington |
Standard | 2025-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N15868 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Mogan & White INC New York, New York |
Standard | 2025-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N222BK | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Deralex Airways LLC Miami, Florida |
Standard | 2025-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2242P | Robinson Helicopter R22 ALPHA |
Helicopter | Individual owner Washington |
Standard | 2025-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3RX | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Illinois |
Standard | 2025-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4463J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Flying Hawks INC Palmyra, Wisconsin |
Standard | 2025-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N45552 | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aerospace Trust Management LLC Trustee Wilmington, Delaware |
Standard | 2025-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5321W | Piper PA-28 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Ohio |
Standard | 2025-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N72EB | American Champion Aircraft 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Vector Airmotive LLC Frisco, Texas |
Standard | 2025-01-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N13164 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Texas |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1317T | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Georgia |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N175W | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Missouri |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N44452 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Cdr Aviation LLC Kalispell, Montana |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N60BZ | Evens THORP T-18 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Nxbz Aircraft Holdings LLC Broussard, Louisiana |
Experimental | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6267Z | Piper PA-25 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Restricted | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N65KD | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Northwest Wings LLC Hillsboro, Oregon |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6858H | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Prairie Skies Aviation LLC Hutchinson, Kansas |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7020R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jwe Aviation LLC Sugar Hill, Georgia |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7206F | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Voyage Capital Ventures LLC Knightdale, North Carolina |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8158N | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Horizon Aviation LLC Brooks, Georgia |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9592D | Piper PA-22-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Oklahoma |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9725U | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2025-01-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N313BL | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Maine |
Standard | 2025-01-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4046A | Robinson Helicopter R22 BETA |
Helicopter | N7047X-R22 LLC Wilmington, Delaware |
Standard | 2025-01-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4117J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Missouri |
Standard | 2025-01-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N75591 | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Multiple | 2025-01-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3206E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Morey Airplane Company INC Middleton, Wisconsin |
Standard | 2025-01-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3363E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Mcfly LLC Casper, Wyoming |
Standard | 2025-01-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5105X | Champion 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Manairco INC Wooster, Ohio |
Standard | 2025-01-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N53838 | Bellanca 8KCAB |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Euroaviation INC Trustee Kematen, |
Standard | 2025-01-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N739CD | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Kcsi Aerial Patrol INC Bakersfield, California |
Standard | 2025-01-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9753W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2025-01-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N333KN | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Kris Noone Air LLC Wilmington, Delaware |
Standard | 2025-01-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9755W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Alaska |
Standard | 2025-01-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5712U | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2025-01-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6029D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Oregon |
Standard | 2025-01-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5522U | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2025-01-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N55899 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aerospace Trust Management LLC Trustee Wilmington, Delaware |
Standard | 2025-01-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N838S | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Louisiana |
Standard | 2025-01-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N121PG | Cobra Aero Ltd VAN'S RV-7-A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New Jersey |
Experimental | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N172TC | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Meweber Consulting INC Atlanta, Michigan |
Standard | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2395Y | Cessna 177 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N23TM | Messeder Thomas A PITTS S1S |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Ohio |
Experimental | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3330E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jarco Air LLC Fitchburg, Massachusetts |
Standard | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N388JF | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aspire Aviation LLC Farmingdale, New York |
Standard | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N516AC | American Champion Aircraft 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | 39 Victor Aviation INC Macomb, Illinois |
Standard | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N53746 | Bellanca 7KCAB |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Apollo 18 LLC Tipp City, Ohio |
Standard | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6384D | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | N2893E LLC Reno, Nevada |
Standard | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N738PD | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Virginia |
Standard | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9613W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Air Wilma LLC Tijeras, New Mexico |
Standard | 2025-01-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N124RC | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Ec Aviation INC Stockbridge, Georgia |
Standard | 2025-01-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1430V | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Stillwater Aviation LLC Winter Haven, Florida |
Standard | 2025-01-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N15489 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Black Knights Transportation Services LLC Garden Grove, California |
Standard | 2025-01-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2404P | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Nevada |
Standard | 2025-01-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N277CB | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | N277Cb LLC Jacksonville, Florida |
Standard | 2025-01-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N38692 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2025-01-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8236G | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Nebraska |
Standard | 2025-01-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N99BA | Rutan LONG-EZ |
Fixed-wing, single engine | International Air Services INC Trustee Carson City, Nevada |
Experimental | 2025-01-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5346D | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Boldflight LLC Greenwood, Indiana |
Standard | 2025-01-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6453R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Ohio |
Standard | 2025-01-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9786P | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Alaska |
Restricted | 2025-01-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N37735 | Helsel William R MARQUART MA5 CHARGER |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Experimental | 2025-01-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N41639 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Airmotive Service LLC Brigham City, Utah |
Standard | 2025-01-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5993Z | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2025-01-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N65624 | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2025-01-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3545K | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Mil2Atp INC Pikeville, North Carolina |
Standard | 2025-01-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N35519 | Cessna 172I |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Utah |
Standard | 2025-01-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4841D | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Doorglobe INC San Francisco, California |
Standard | 2025-01-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8408R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Washington |
Standard | 2025-01-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9071D | Piper PA-18A 150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2025-01-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5037R | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jlinn Aviation INC Quinlan, Texas |
Standard | 2025-01-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
Source: FAA Civil Aviation Registry, Releasable Aircraft Database (the engine reference table and each aircraft's engine code), October 8, 2026. Horsepower and thrust are the FAA's figures for the series, not for a particular aircraft.
