Lycoming O-320 series
27,315 aircraft on the U.S. register carry a Lycoming O-320 series engine, rated at about 180 horsepower. The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is the model most often fitted with it (9,462 aircraft). The aircraft carrying it were built between 1949 and 2026.
The FAA records engines by code, usually at the level of a series ("O-320 series") rather than the exact variant; this page gathers every FAA code that reads as Lycoming O-320 series (2 codes). FAA spellings: 0-320 SERIES · O-320 SERIES.
Fitted to model families
Model families, as a table
Cessna 172 Skyhawk · Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow · Piper PA-18 Super Cub · Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt · Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger · Bellanca 7 Citabria · Cessna 177 Cardinal · Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec · Robinson R22 · Champion 7 Citabria and Champ
Where they are owner's state
Kind of aircraft
By kind, as a table
| aircraft | share | |
|---|---|---|
| Piston singles | 26,597 | 97% |
| Piston twins | 414 | 2% |
| Helicopters | 303 | 1% |
| Gliders | 1 | 0.0% |
What the FAA has certified, ordered and been told about the Lycoming O-320 series the component layer
The design is held under 1 type certificate (E-274, held by Lycoming Engines). The FAA has issued 29 airworthiness directives (orders that owners must comply with) that name this engine series. Operators and repair shops have filed 349 failure reports with the FAA since 1995, 19 of them in the last ten years.
FAA orders 29 airworthiness directives · newest first
Failure reports 349 since · what operators and shops told the FAA
Failure reports by year, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| 95 | 2 |
| 96 | 1 |
| 97 | 2 |
| 98 | 6 |
| 00 | 7 |
| 01 | 39 |
| 02 | 24 |
| 03 | 39 |
| 04 | 30 |
| 05 | 41 |
| 06 | 23 |
| 07 | 32 |
| 08 | 18 |
| 09 | 15 |
| 10 | 13 |
| 11 | 7 |
| 12 | 10 |
| 13 | 4 |
| 14 | 6 |
| 15 | 2 |
| 16 | 9 |
| 17 | 1 |
| 18 | 6 |
| 19 | 1 |
| 20 | 3 |
| 21 | 1 |
| 23 | 2 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 4 |
Parts most often reported as the reports name them
Parts most reported, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| Spar | 18 |
| Tube | 17 |
| Cylinder | 15 |
| Bulkhead | 9 |
| Alternator | 8 |
| Control Cable | 8 |
| Bolt | 7 |
| Carburetor | 7 |
| Fitting | 6 |
| Float | 6 |
Latest reports
Certificates and bulletins
Safety bulletins 17 · advice, not orders
Sources: the FAA's type certificate data sheets, airworthiness directives, supplemental type certificates, special conditions and special airworthiness information bulletins (Dynamic Regulatory System), and the FAA's service difficulty reports. A failure report is what an operator or repair station chose to file; the counts show reporting as much as reliability, and larger and commercial fleets report more. How the systems are grouped.
Connections how this engine series links to the rest of the register
- Cessna 172 Skyhawk 9,462 with this engine series
- Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow 6,844 with this engine series
- Piper PA-18 Super Cub 2,393 with this engine series
- Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt 1,660 with this engine series
- Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger 566 with this engine series
- Bellanca 7 Citabria 563 with this engine series
- Cessna 177 Cardinal 398 with this engine series
- Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec 347 with this engine series
- Texas 2,351 of these aircraft
- California 2,123 of these aircraft
- Florida 2,077 of these aircraft
- Alaska 1,796 of these aircraft
- Washington 1,004 of these aircraft
- Wings Over Texas Holdings LLC 107 of these aircraft
- American Patrols INC 61 of these aircraft
- Paris Air INC 33 of these aircraft
- Civil Air Patrol INC 33 of these aircraft
- International Air Services INC Trustee 30 of these aircraft
- FAA orders naming the Lycoming O-320 series 29 airworthiness directives
- Failure reports on the Lycoming O-320 series 349 reports since 1995
The whole map of how records connect · these connections as data: /graph/engine/lycoming-o-320-series.json.
Aircraft newest certificates first · 27,315
| Tail no. | Maker and model | Group | Owner and base | Certificate | Registered | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N9643D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Kansas |
Standard | 2017-08-30 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3930K | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Quick Jeremy R Bremen, Indiana |
Standard | 2017-08-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N56580 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Ohio |
Standard | 2017-08-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5890U | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Georgia |
Standard | 2017-08-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9001D | Piper PA-22-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Virginia |
Standard | 2017-08-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9013L | Champion 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9808J | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Ptosis LLC Fair Oaks, California |
Standard | 2017-08-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N13573 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Davis Flying Services LLC Gaithersburg, Maryland |
Standard | 2017-08-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N183A | Trophy Aero Inc GLASAIR SHA |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Experimental | 2017-08-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3062L | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2017-08-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N810FS | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8545D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Four-Five-Delta LLC Mountainville, New York |
Standard | 2017-08-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9545W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner New York |
Standard | 2017-08-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1697P | Piper PA-22 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2017-08-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N22964 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Straight Flight Aviation LLC Goliad, Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3109T | Cessna 177 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | S-J Air LLC Salem, Missouri |
Standard | 2017-08-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5804U | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Sand Piper Air LLC Endicott, New York |
Standard | 2017-08-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6000Z | Willerton Hazen Dennis VANS RV6A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Utah |
Experimental | 2017-08-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N777CY | Headrick James C RV6A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Minnesota |
Experimental | 2017-08-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N172VT | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Fly Vermont LLC Swanton, Vermont |
Standard | 2017-08-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2364J | Beech 23 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Nevada |
Standard | 2017-08-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3305P | Piper PA-23-160 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Air Royal Middletown, Delaware |
Standard | 2017-08-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4119E | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Bigham David A Phoenix, Arizona |
Standard | 2017-08-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N46510 | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Illinois |
Standard | 2017-08-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N737ZR | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Tennessee Seaplane Company LLC Knoxville, Tennessee |
Standard | 2017-08-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N597JF | Piper PA-28-181 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Diamond Travel LLC Olive Branch, Mississippi |
Standard | 2017-08-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N64SB | Bachnak Stephen R FALCO |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Experimental | 2017-08-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7682D | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2017-08-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8100N | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner North Dakota |
Standard | 2017-08-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N92511 | Piper PA-12 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Alaska |
Standard | 2017-08-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N944CB | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | California Baptist University Riverside, California |
Standard | 2017-08-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2875Q | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Lani Lea Sky Tours LLC Honolulu, Hawaii |
Standard | 2017-08-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N40374 | Robinson Helicopter R22 BETA |
Helicopter | Solo Exteriors CO LLC Seminole, Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N41217 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Ohio |
Standard | 2017-08-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1645J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner California |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N35560 | Cessna 172I |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Maine |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4017F | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4133P | Piper PA-23-160 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Ohio |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N41897 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Unlimited Upside LLC Boggstown, Indiana |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N43GF | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Washington |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N70196 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | South Shore Flying Club INC South Weymouth, Massachusetts |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N739PC | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Ocala Aviation Services INC Ocala, Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N80774 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Dugger Aviation LLC Merritt Island, Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N88RD | Robinson Helicopter R22 BETA |
Helicopter | Lafayette Flying Service LLC Lafayette, Louisiana |
Standard | 2017-08-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3642Q | Beech A23-19 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N122JD | American Champion Aircraft 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Grasshopper Aviation LLC Hockley, Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N488RR | Spelman ANDERSON-KINGFISHER |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Experimental | 2017-08-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7573K | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Oregon |
Restricted | 2017-08-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N55416 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Kentucky |
Standard | 2017-08-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N82748 | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Missouri |
Standard | 2017-08-16 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N111DQ | Kellenberger Ricky Don GLASAIR I TAILDRGGER |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Medical Surgical Clinic West Bend PC Fort Scott, Kansas |
Experimental | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N15372 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Michigan |
Standard | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2260M | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N28DK | Dixon Hubert E VERIVIGGEN |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Experimental | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4144J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6176J | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7291J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Centerline Equipment CORP Waukegan, Illinois |
Standard | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7374D | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Big e LLC Lemoore, California |
Standard | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8186N | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner West Virginia |
Standard | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N96HG | Georgen Bruce MURPHY REBEL |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Experimental | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9823L | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Silverhawk Aviation Academy LLC Caldwell, Idaho |
Standard | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N98923 | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Costa Flying Service INC Painted Post, New York |
Standard | 2017-08-15 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1710J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Open Skies Aviation LLC Wellington, Kansas |
Standard | 2017-08-14 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2627N | Robinson Helicopter R22 BETA |
Helicopter | Individual owner Missouri |
Standard | 2017-08-14 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4391Q | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Springville Flying Club Spanish Fork, Utah |
Standard | 2017-08-14 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N46250 | Cessna 172I |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Standard | 2017-08-14 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N737NF | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | My Way Aviation LLC Weston, Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-14 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N80669 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Massachusetts |
Standard | 2017-08-14 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N13337 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | High Flight Academy LLC Allison Park, Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2017-08-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1758V | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N75TC | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Oregon |
Standard | 2017-08-11 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N111ZY | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Skywarrior Flight Training INC Pensacola, Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N75231 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Paris Air INC Vero Beach, Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N803HP | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | P & W Investments INC Wilmington, Delaware |
Standard | 2017-08-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9887L | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Skywarrior Flight Training INC Pensacola, Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-10 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N12779 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Mile High Flyers Club INC Fort Valley, Virginia |
Standard | 2017-08-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N310KB | Wilson Jeffrey B VANS AIRCRAFT RV-6 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Schulte Delmar L Cottonwood, California |
Experimental | 2017-08-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N43885 | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Paris Air INC Vero Beach, Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N47673 | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Falcon View Aviation LLC Mckinney, Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5689U | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6670H | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Michigan |
Standard | 2017-08-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6753B | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Standard | 2017-08-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9174M | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Paris Air INC Vero Beach, Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-09 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2244M | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Paris Air INC Vero Beach, Florida |
Standard | 2017-08-08 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2553Y | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Macair Aviation LLC Xenia, Ohio |
Standard | 2017-08-07 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N44546 | Piper PA-28-180 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Polka Todd M New Philadelphia, Ohio |
Standard | 2017-08-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N98037 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-04 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1203T | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Professional Locators & Acquisition Specialists Ll Severance, Colorado |
Standard | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1797P | Piper PA-22-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Standard | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1963 | Herring Henry Herbert RV-4 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Experimental | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N249P | Gougeon Jan C RV 4 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Michigan |
Experimental | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N26334 | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Virginia |
Standard | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N29001 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Geske Sales & Service Enderlin, North Dakota |
Standard | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N320JA | Malsack Joseph LANCAIR 320 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wisconsin |
Experimental | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3336Z | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Iowa |
Standard | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5384K | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Vascular Wings LLC Friendswood, Texas |
Standard | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N80670 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jb Aviation Management INC Wonder Lake, Illinois |
Standard | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8138E | Mccabe Peggy L GLASTAR |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Arizona |
Experimental | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9793U | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2017-08-03 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N252MD | Frederick Mark L FREDERICK RV-4 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Experimental | 2017-08-02 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
Source: FAA Civil Aviation Registry, Releasable Aircraft Database (the engine reference table and each aircraft's engine code), October 9, 2026. Horsepower and thrust are the FAA's figures for the series, not for a particular aircraft.
