Lycoming O-320 series
27,315 aircraft on the U.S. register carry a Lycoming O-320 series engine, rated at about 180 horsepower. The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is the model most often fitted with it (9,462 aircraft). The aircraft carrying it were built between 1949 and 2026.
The FAA records engines by code, usually at the level of a series ("O-320 series") rather than the exact variant; this page gathers every FAA code that reads as Lycoming O-320 series (2 codes). FAA spellings: 0-320 SERIES · O-320 SERIES.
Fitted to model families
Model families, as a table
Cessna 172 Skyhawk · Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow · Piper PA-18 Super Cub · Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt · Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger · Bellanca 7 Citabria · Cessna 177 Cardinal · Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec · Robinson R22 · Champion 7 Citabria and Champ
Where they are owner's state
Kind of aircraft
By kind, as a table
| aircraft | share | |
|---|---|---|
| Piston singles | 26,597 | 97% |
| Piston twins | 414 | 2% |
| Helicopters | 303 | 1% |
| Gliders | 1 | 0.0% |
What the FAA has certified, ordered and been told about the Lycoming O-320 series the component layer
The design is held under 1 type certificate (E-274, held by Lycoming Engines). The FAA has issued 29 airworthiness directives (orders that owners must comply with) that name this engine series. Operators and repair shops have filed 349 failure reports with the FAA since 1995, 19 of them in the last ten years.
FAA orders 29 airworthiness directives · newest first
Failure reports 349 since · what operators and shops told the FAA
Failure reports by year, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| 95 | 2 |
| 96 | 1 |
| 97 | 2 |
| 98 | 6 |
| 00 | 7 |
| 01 | 39 |
| 02 | 24 |
| 03 | 39 |
| 04 | 30 |
| 05 | 41 |
| 06 | 23 |
| 07 | 32 |
| 08 | 18 |
| 09 | 15 |
| 10 | 13 |
| 11 | 7 |
| 12 | 10 |
| 13 | 4 |
| 14 | 6 |
| 15 | 2 |
| 16 | 9 |
| 17 | 1 |
| 18 | 6 |
| 19 | 1 |
| 20 | 3 |
| 21 | 1 |
| 23 | 2 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 4 |
Parts most often reported as the reports name them
Parts most reported, as a table
| reports | |
|---|---|
| Spar | 18 |
| Tube | 17 |
| Cylinder | 15 |
| Bulkhead | 9 |
| Alternator | 8 |
| Control Cable | 8 |
| Bolt | 7 |
| Carburetor | 7 |
| Fitting | 6 |
| Float | 6 |
Latest reports
Certificates and bulletins
Safety bulletins 17 · advice, not orders
Sources: the FAA's type certificate data sheets, airworthiness directives, supplemental type certificates, special conditions and special airworthiness information bulletins (Dynamic Regulatory System), and the FAA's service difficulty reports. A failure report is what an operator or repair station chose to file; the counts show reporting as much as reliability, and larger and commercial fleets report more. How the systems are grouped.
Connections how this engine series links to the rest of the register
- Cessna 172 Skyhawk 9,462 with this engine series
- Piper PA-28 Cherokee, Warrior, Archer and Arrow 6,844 with this engine series
- Piper PA-18 Super Cub 2,393 with this engine series
- Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer and Colt 1,660 with this engine series
- Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5 Traveler, Cheetah and Tiger 566 with this engine series
- Bellanca 7 Citabria 563 with this engine series
- Cessna 177 Cardinal 398 with this engine series
- Piper PA-23 Apache and Aztec 347 with this engine series
- Texas 2,351 of these aircraft
- California 2,123 of these aircraft
- Florida 2,077 of these aircraft
- Alaska 1,796 of these aircraft
- Washington 1,004 of these aircraft
- Wings Over Texas Holdings LLC 107 of these aircraft
- American Patrols INC 61 of these aircraft
- Paris Air INC 33 of these aircraft
- Civil Air Patrol INC 33 of these aircraft
- International Air Services INC Trustee 30 of these aircraft
- FAA orders naming the Lycoming O-320 series 29 airworthiness directives
- Failure reports on the Lycoming O-320 series 349 reports since 1995
The whole map of how records connect · these connections as data: /graph/engine/lycoming-o-320-series.json.
Aircraft newest certificates first · 27,315
| Tail no. | Maker and model | Group | Owner and base | Certificate | Registered | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N12872 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Advanced Aviation and Aircraft Rental LLC Lawrenceville, Georgia |
Standard | 2024-07-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N13203 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Iowa Lakes Community College Estherville, Iowa |
Standard | 2024-07-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1602B | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner California |
Standard | 2024-07-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N20579 | Helmkamp Eugene E RV6A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Idaho |
Experimental | 2024-07-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5947W | Piper PA-28-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2024-07-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7214J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Falcon Flyers LLC Hamilton, Montana |
Standard | 2024-07-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7565R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Knox County Flying Club Owls Head, Maine |
Standard | 2024-07-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8466B | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Paphos Airways LLC Farmingdale, New York |
Standard | 2024-07-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9800W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Piper Solutions LLC Lakewood, New Jersey |
Standard | 2024-07-29 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N36393 | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Meriden Aviation Center LLC Meriden, Connecticut |
Standard | 2024-07-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N55169 | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jin Jin Aviation LLC Anchorage, Alaska |
Standard | 2024-07-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5581W | Piper PA-28-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alabama |
Standard | 2024-07-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7523R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Florida Flyers Aviation LLC Deltona, Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7595R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2024-07-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7747G | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Kelley Aircraft LLC Weyers Cave, Virginia |
Standard | 2024-07-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N98354 | Cessna 172P |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Jin Jin Aviation LLC Anchorage, Alaska |
Standard | 2024-07-28 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N20158 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Vbp Services LLC Wainscott, New York |
Standard | 2024-07-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N26424 | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Michigan |
Standard | 2024-07-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N489P | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Wsi Southwest INC Cliff, New Mexico |
Standard | 2024-07-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5498H | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Gulf Atlantic Airways INC Gainesville, Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N64508 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Roseville Aviation LLC Roxboro, North Carolina |
Standard | 2024-07-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8336G | Piper PA-28-181 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Golden Age N8336G LLC Norwalk, Iowa |
Standard | 2024-07-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9213K | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-27 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N23490 | Robinson Helicopter R22 BETA |
Helicopter | Lg Mcdonald Enterprises INC Rose Bud, Arkansas |
Standard | 2024-07-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2777E | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Top Flight Aviation INC Corona, California |
Standard | 2024-07-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3864Q | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2024-07-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4116Z | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2024-07-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4121J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2024-07-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6983D | Piper PA-18A 150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Multiple | 2024-07-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8085E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Virginia |
Standard | 2024-07-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9889W | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-26 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2246Y | Cessna 177 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Oklahoma |
Standard | 2024-07-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N41789 | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Wisconsin |
Standard | 2024-07-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N44442 | Piper PA-28-180 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Missouri |
Standard | 2024-07-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N515KG | American Champion Aircraft 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5640E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Kentucky |
Standard | 2024-07-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N717JD | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Minnesota |
Multiple | 2024-07-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9518S | Aeronca 7GCB |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner North Dakota |
Standard | 2024-07-25 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N162K | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Merge Mafia LLC Wall, Texas |
Standard | 2024-07-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N26471 | Grumman American Avn. Corp. AA-5A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Kilroy Aviation LLC Versailles, Kentucky |
Standard | 2024-07-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3787P | Pickrell James Syme Jr SPEZIO SPORT DAL-1 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Delaware |
Experimental | 2024-07-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5505U | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Paper Plane Aviation LLC Avon Park, Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5506U | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Paper Plane Aviation LLC Avon Park, Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7141B | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Standard | 2024-07-24 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N10GA | Mcginnis James L GLASAIR II FT |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner North Carolina |
Experimental | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1779J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Midwest Aviators Robinson, Illinois |
Standard | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N19707 | Cessna 172L |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Wings Over Texas Holdings LLC Denton, Texas |
Standard | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2723B | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Piston Aviation LLC Saint Charles, Missouri |
Standard | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5394F | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Standard | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6962J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Ohio |
Standard | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N70032 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Alpha Wings INC Willoughby, Ohio |
Standard | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N733NP | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | N733Np LLC Port Orange, Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N80456 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Massachusetts |
Standard | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N86RL | Nickle C R ACRO II |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Green Aviation LLC Hedgesville, West Virginia |
Experimental | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9653D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2024-07-23 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N13884 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Triple F Aviation LLC Scott City, Kansas |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N18ST | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner California |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2295T | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Ahs Aero LLC Leo, Indiana |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2971P | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N30064 | Cessna 177 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Avarix INC Cool, California |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4188P | Piper PA-23-160 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Aero Club Valkaria LLC Malabar, Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5080X | Champion 7GCBC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7018D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Illinois |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7672J | Piper PA-28R-180 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New York |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N77974 | Luscombe 8E |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Tupelo Aeronautics INC Tupelo, Mississippi |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N79447 | Cessna 172K |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Aroostook Aviation LLC Millinocket, Maine |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9146L | Champion 7GCAA |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9585V | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Harrington Aviation LLC Scarborough, Maine |
Standard | 2024-07-22 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1255P | Piper PA-23 |
Fixed-wing, multi-engine | Individual owner Oregon |
Standard | 2024-07-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4217J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arizona |
Standard | 2024-07-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6756J | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Amv Aviation LLC Miami, Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-21 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1990W | Beech B19 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Obsidian Defense LLC Tampa, Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2737J | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Illinois |
Standard | 2024-07-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4304T | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2024-07-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5495W | Piper PA-28-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Wings Over Lake Norman LLC Mooresville, North Carolina |
Standard | 2024-07-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N573S | Schmid THORP T-18 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Oregon |
Experimental | 2024-07-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8446D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Pennsylvania |
Standard | 2024-07-20 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N1373E | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Eagle Aviation LLC Spearfish, South Dakota |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N172MX | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Dmac Aircraft LLC Savannah, Georgia |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N35683 | Cessna 172I |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Dmac Aircraft LLC Savannah, Georgia |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N3773 | Lane Kevin J RV6A |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Experimental | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N44583 | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Griffin Avionics INC Hyannis, Massachusetts |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N5543W | Piper PA-28-160 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Washington |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N64450 | Cessna 172M |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner New Hampshire |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N6870J | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Co-owned owner Minnesota |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7167R | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Mississippi |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N734RF | Cessna 172N |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Wings Over Texas Holdings LLC Denton, Texas |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7680R | Beech B19 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Texas |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N8067D | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Michigan |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9657P | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2024-07-19 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N140ND | Piper PA-28-161 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Coco Aircraft INC Merritt Island, Florida |
Standard | 2024-07-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N155DR | Reasoner Donald J RV-6 VANS ACFT INC |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Ohio |
Experimental | 2024-07-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N7569D | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2024-07-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N823EJ | Cochran Sam E SACO II |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Arkansas |
Experimental | 2024-07-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N9044D | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Arctic Backcountry Flying Service LLC Kotzebue, Alaska |
Multiple | 2024-07-18 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N2978P | Piper PA-18-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Alaska |
Standard | 2024-07-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N34WT | Piper PA-28-151 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | T & S Aviation LLC Lavonia, Georgia |
Standard | 2024-07-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N4218T | Piper PA-28-140 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Golden Pick LLC Maple Plain, Minnesota |
Standard | 2024-07-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N649MB | Berg George C VAN RV-6 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner Tennessee |
Experimental | 2024-07-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
| N861AP | Piper PA-22-150 |
Fixed-wing, single engine | Individual owner California |
Standard | 2024-07-17 | ValidFAA registration status code V: Valid registration. All codes |
Source: FAA Civil Aviation Registry, Releasable Aircraft Database (the engine reference table and each aircraft's engine code), October 8, 2026. Horsepower and thrust are the FAA's figures for the series, not for a particular aircraft.
