The U.S. aircraft register, updated daily
Parts · Airframe structure

Windshield

1,240 failure reports named the windshield in the last ten years, 4,313 since 1995, most often on the Bombardier CL-600 Challenger and CRJ; the condition most often found was "cracked". 738 FAA approvals let 25 companies make a replacement windshield, LP Aero Plastics INC holding the most (197).

Reports by year

05110215320419952000200520102015202020251012026
Reports by year, as a table
reports
199598
1996127
1997128
199889
1999107
2000142
2001198
2002202
2003166
2004166
2005188
2006204
2007185
2008143
2009154
2010120
2011157
2012147
2013164
2014101
201587
201680
201756
201896
2019129
2020117
2021120
2022118
2023128
2024130
2025165
2026101

How it failed the condition found, last ten years

cracked638delaminated142failed139arced107damaged37leaking22smoke18scratched17sparks14unserviceable10
Conditions found, as a table
reports
cracked638
delaminated142
failed139
arced107
damaged37
leaking22
smoke18
scratched17
sparks14
unserviceable10

Engines most often reporting it

Approved replacement parts 738 parts manufacturer approvals

A parts manufacturer approval (PMA) lets a company other than the aircraft's maker make a windshield and sell it as an approved part for the models named. These are the companies holding such approvals for a windshield:

For these models most: Boeing 737 (32), Airbus Helicopters AS350 AStar (Écureuil), now H125 (23), Piper PA-46 Malibu, Mirage, Matrix and M-Class (22), Cessna 182 Skylane (21), Mooney M-20 (19), Cessna 172 Skyhawk (19), Bombardier CL-600 Challenger and CRJ (19), Boeing 727 (19), Airbus Helicopters AS355 TwinStar (19), Robinson R22 (18), Airbus A320 (18), Bombardier DHC-8 Dash 8 and Q400 (16).

MakerPartReplacesFitsGrantedStatus
Tech Tool Plastics INCWindshield RH EC135-1001-2Modification ArticleAirbus Helicopters... EC135P1, T1, P22026-09-10current
Tech Tool Plastics INCWindshield LH EC135-1001-1Modification ArticleAirbus Helicopters... EC135P1, T1, P22026-09-10current
Aircorps Aviation, LLCWINDSHIELD ASSY. 75-2377-ACP75-2377The Boeing Company A75L3, 75 (ARMY PT-13), A75 (ARMY PT-13A2026-06-15current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, Heated,LH LA6656100001-003Modification ArticleLearjet Inc. 452026-04-09current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, Heated,RH LA6656100001-004Modification ArticleLearjet Inc. 452026-04-09current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, Heated,LH LA6656100001-803Modification ArticleLearjet Inc. 452026-04-09current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, Heated,RH LA6656100001-804Modification ArticleLearjet Inc. 452026-04-09current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, LH LAGC331-0001-015Modification ArticleBombardier Inc. BD-700-1A10, BD-700-1A112025-08-26current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, RH LAGC331-0001-016Modification ArticleBombardier Inc. BD-700-1A10, BD-700-1A112025-08-26current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, RH, CoolView LA82280C-006-70Modification ArticlePiper Aircraft PA-46-310P, PA-46-350P, PA-46-500TP2025-06-15current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, RH, CoolView (Alternate) LA82280C-006-70AModification ArticlePiper Aircraft PA-46-310P, PA-46-350P, PA-46-500TP2025-06-15current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, LH, CoolView (Alternate) LA82280C-005-70AModification ArticlePiper Aircraft PA-46-310P, PA-46-350P, PA-46R-350T2025-06-15current
Ppg Industries INCWINDSHIELD, SIDE, LH NP172122-019598110169Pilatus Aircraft Ltd PC-122025-05-05current
Ppg Industries INCWINDSHIELD, RH NP172121-089598110110Pilatus Aircraft Ltd PC-122025-05-05current
Ppg Industries INCWINDSHIELD, LH NP172121-079598110109Pilatus Aircraft Ltd PC-122025-05-05current
Ppg Industries INCWINDSHIELD, HEATED, LH NP172131-019598110168Pilatus Aircraft Ltd PC-122025-05-05current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280-00482280-003Piper Aircraft PA-46-350P2025-03-20current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280-00382280-002Piper Aircraft PA-46-350P2025-03-20current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280-00682280-012Piper Aircraft PA-46-500TP, PA-46-600TP, PA-46-701TP2025-03-20current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280-00282280-014Piper Aircraft PA-46R-350T2025-03-20current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280-00182280-013Piper Aircraft PA-46R-350T2025-03-20current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield LH, Heated - CoolView (Alternate) 97350-001A-70Modification ArticlePiper Aircraft PA46350P, PA46500TP, PA46R350T2024-07-23current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield LH, Heated - CoolView 97350-001-70Modification ArticlePiper Aircraft PA46350P, PA46500TP, PA46R350T2024-07-23current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, LH LA604-33030-125Modification ArticleBombardier Inc. CL-600-1A11 (600), CL6002A12 (601),...2024-07-23current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield LH, Heated 97350-001Modification ArticlePiper Aircraft PA46350P, PA46500TP, PA46R350T2024-07-23current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, LH LA604-33030-025Modification ArticleBombardier Inc. CL-600-1A11 (600), CL6002A12 (601),...2024-07-23current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, RH LA604-33030-126Modification ArticleBombardier Inc. CL-600-1A11 (600), CL6002A12 (601),...2024-07-23current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield Assy, RH LA604-33030-026Modification ArticleBombardier Inc. CL-600-1A11 (600), CL6002A12 (601),...2024-07-23current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield LH, Heated (Alternate) 97350-001AModification ArticlePiper Aircraft PA46350P, PA46500TP, PA46R350T2024-07-23current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield RH NP-196101-6NP-196101-6Airbus(ACLP) BD-500/1A10, BD-500/1A112024-02-21current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield Assy L/H NP178201-214AS3430000-523Gulfstream G2802021-11-08current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield, L/H 204500-079598110165 / APilatus PC-242021-04-12current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield, L/H 204400-079598110163 / APilatus PC-242021-04-12current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield, R/H 204400-089598110164 / APilatus PC-242021-04-12current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield, R/H 204500-089598110166 / APilatus PC-242021-04-12current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield L/H NP172121-079598110109Pilatus PC-122020-06-02current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield R/H NP172121-089598110110Pilatus PC-122020-06-02current
Nextant Aerospace LLCWindshield Assy, Heated - LH 132-384000-5-NTModification PartTextron Aviation 400T2019-08-26current
Nextant Aerospace LLCWindshield Assy, Heated - RH 132-384000-6-NTModification PartTextron Aviation 400T2019-08-26current
LP Aero Plastics INCLeft Windshield 59284290-012, 84290-12Piper PA-28-181, S/N 2843001 & Up, 2881001 & Up2019-07-22current
LP Aero Plastics INCRight Windshield 59384290-013, 84290-13Piper PA-28-181, S/N 2843001 & Up, 2881001 & Up2019-07-22current
Resurgent Aviation Solutions LLCWindshield, Right 187700-256-103592-1004Eclipse Aerospace EA5002017-12-13current
Resurgent Aviation Solutions LLCWindshield, Left 187700-156-103597-1004Eclipse Aerospace EA5002017-12-13current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield-LH NP165331-1NP165331-1Airbus A320-2162017-01-31current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield-RH NP165331-2NP165331-2Airbus A320-2162017-01-31current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield #3 LH NP165333A4NP165333A4Airbus A318, -111, -1122016-11-16current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield #3 LH NP165333A3NP165333A3Airbus A318, -111, -1122016-11-16current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield, R/H 196700-0245AS31001-24Beechcraft 400 and 400A2016-10-27current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield, L/H 196700-0145AS31001-23Beechcraft 400 and 400A2016-10-27current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280 -001, -00282280 -013, -014Piper Aircraft, Inc. PA-46R-350T2016-09-14current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280 -00682280 -012Piper Aircraft, Inc. PA-46-500TP, PA-46-600TP2016-09-14current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280 -003, -00482280 -002, -003Piper Aircraft, Inc. PA-46-350P2016-09-14current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280 -001, -00282280 -013, -014Piper Aircraft, Inc. PA-46R-350T2016-09-14current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280 -003, -00482280 -002, -003Piper Aircraft, Inc. PA-46-350P2016-09-14current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield, Piper LA82280 -00682280 -012Piper Aircraft, Inc. PA-46-500TP, PA-46-600TP2016-09-14current
Pma LLCWindshield-RH NP165331-2NP165331-2Airbus A320 -251N2016-07-20current
Pma LLCWindshield-LH NP165331-1NP165331-1Airbus A320 -271N2016-07-20current
Pma LLCWindshield-LH NP165331-1NP165331-1Airbus A320 -251N2016-07-20current
Pma LLCWindshield-RH NP165331-2NP165331-2Airbus A320 -271N2016-07-20current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield-LH NP165331-1NP165331-1Airbus A320 -271N2016-07-20current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield-LH NP165331-1NP165331-1Airbus A320 -251N2016-07-20current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield-RH NP165331-2NP165331-2Airbus A320 -271N2016-07-20current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield-RH NP165331-2NP165331-2Airbus A320 -251N2016-07-20current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, RH, Glass, Heated, New Sealant NP-187301-20NP-187301-18Embraer ERJ 190-100 IGW, ERJ 190-100 LR,...2016-02-17current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, LH, Glass, Heated, New Sealant NP-187301-19NP-187301-17Embraer ERJ 190-100 IGW, ERJ 190-100 LR,...2016-02-17current
Tech Tool Plastics INCWindshield (R/H Side) 3501-2023-8Modification PartAirbus Helicopters AS355E, AS355F, AS355F12015-09-07current
Tech Tool Plastics INCWindshield (L/H Side) 3501-2023-7Modification PartAirbus Helicopters AS350B, AS350B1, AS350B22015-09-07current
Tech Tool Plastics INCWindshield (R/H Side) 3501-2023-8Modification PartAirbus Helicopters AS350B, AS350B1, AS350B22015-09-07current
Tech Tool Plastics INCWindshield (L/H Side) 3501-2023-7Modification PartAirbus Helicopters AS355E, AS355F, AS355F12015-09-07current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield, L/H 196600-01NF 24016-1, NF 24016-151, NF 24016-157, NF...Beechcraft Hawker 750, 800, 800XP2015-08-23current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield, R/H 196600-02NF 24016-2, NF 24016-152, NF 24016-158, NF...Beechcraft Hawker 750, 800, 800XP2015-08-23current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, L/H W20543-405D20543-405Fokker F28 Mark 1000, 2000, 30002015-07-01current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, L/H W20543-403D20599-001Fokker F28 Mark 1000, 2000, 30002015-07-01current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, R/H W20543-406D20543-406Fokker F28 Mark 1000, 2000, 30002015-07-01current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, R/H W20543-404D20599-002Fokker F28 Mark 1000, 2000, 30002015-07-01current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield LH NP-203201-1 Left #1 Windshield26-21126-005/ -006/-007/-008, 26-21126-905/...Merlin Metroliner SA26-T, SA26-AT, SA226-T2014-12-03current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield RH NP-203201-2 Right #1 Windshield26-21126-005/ -006/-007/-008, 26-21126-905/...Merlin Metroliner SA26-T, SA26-AT, SA226-T2014-12-03current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy RH 190800-16S414Z020-2Boeing 7872014-03-25current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. LH 190800-15S414Z020-1Boeing 7872014-03-25current
Lee Aerospace, INC.Windshield 9911003 -1, -29911003 -1, -2Cessna Aircraft Company 4412014-02-23current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. LH 190800-15S414Z020-1Boeing 787-82014-01-16current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. RH 190800-16S414Z020-2Boeing 787-82014-01-16current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. LH 173600-236656100000-009LearJet Learjet 452013-08-28current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy RH 173600-246656100000-010LearJet Learjet 452013-08-28current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 163500-118163500-118Embraer EMB-135BJ, EMB-135LR2013-07-30current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. L/H 802600-11Modification PartBombardier DHC-8-100, 200, 3002013-07-30current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 163500-117163500-117Embraer EMB-135BJ, EMB-135LR2013-07-30current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 163500-115163500-115Embraer EMB-135ER Series, EMB-135LR Series,...2013-07-30current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. R/H 802600-12Modification PartBombardier DHC-8-100, 200, 3002013-07-30current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. R/H 802600-10Modification PartBombardier DHC-8-100, 200, 3002013-07-30current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. L/H 802600-09Modification PartBombardier DHC-8-100, 200, 3002013-07-30current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 163500-116163500-116Embraer EMB-135ER Series, EMB-135LR Series,...2013-07-30current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, LH NP-187301-17NP-187301-17Embraer ERJ 170-100 LR, ERJ 170-100 STD, ERJ...2013-07-29current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, RH NP-187301-18NP-187301-18Embraer ERJ 170-100 LR, ERJ 170-100 STD, ERJ...2013-07-29current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, RH NP-187301-18NP-187301-18Embraer ERJ 190-100 IGW, ERJ 190-100 LR, ERJ...2013-07-29current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, LH NP-187301-17NP-187301-17Embraer ERJ 190-100 IGW, ERJ 190-100 LR, ERJ...2013-07-29current
Gkn Aerospace Transparency Systems INCNo 1 Windshield Assy 141T4800-16141T4800-16Boeing 757-200 SERIES, 757-200CB SERIES,...2013-07-25current
Gkn Aerospace Transparency Systems INCNo 1 Windshield Assy 141T4800-15141T4800-15Boeing 757-200 SERIES, 757-200CB SERIES,...2013-07-25current
Gkn Aerospace Transparency Systems INCNo 1 Windshield Assy 141T4800-16141T4800-16Boeing 757-200 SERIES, 757-200CB SERIES,...2013-05-30current
Gkn Aerospace Transparency Systems INCNo 1 Windshield Assy 141T4800-15141T4800-15Boeing 757-200 SERIES, 757-200CB SERIES,...2013-05-30current
Lake Aero Styling and RepairWindshield 3/16 inch- 1/4 inch 204GS or 204GS-1/4 inchModification PartMooney M20/A/ B/ C/ D/ E2013-04-21current
Lake Aero Styling and RepairWindshield 3/16 inch- 1/4 inch 214G or 214G-1/4 inchModification PartMooney M20/A/ B/ C/ D/ E2013-04-21current
LP Aero Plastics INCWindshield K2019K2019Found Aircraft Canada Inc FBA-2C3, FBA-2C3T, FBA-2C42013-02-05current
LP Aero Plastics INCWindshield K2000K2000Found Aircraft Canada Inc FBA-2C3, FBA-2C3T, FBA-2C42013-02-05current
LP Aero Plastics INCWindshield K2017K2017Found Aircraft Canada Inc FBA-2C3, FBA-2C3T, FBA-2C42013-02-05current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. R/H 802600-10Modification PartBombardier DHC-8-100, 200, 3002013-01-13current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. L/H 802600-09Modification PartBombardier DHC-8-100, 200, 3002013-01-13current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 163500-115163500-115Embraer EMB-135ER Series, EMB-135LR Series,...2013-01-13current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. L/H 802600-11Modification PartBombardier DHC-8-100, 200, 3002013-01-13current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 163500-116163500-116Embraer EMB-135ER Series, EMB-135LR Series,...2013-01-13current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 163500-118163500-118Embraer EMB-135BJ EMB-135LR2013-01-13current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 163500-117163500-117Embraer EMB-135BJ EMB-135LR2013-01-13current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assy. R/H 802600-12Modification PartBombardier DHC-8-100, 200, 3002013-01-13current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield Assy, R/H NP-157901-208SC5050-006DHC-8 Q-4002012-02-20current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield Assy, L/H NP-157901-198SC5050-005DHC-8 Q-4002012-02-20current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield No 1 Assy 190800-14S414Z020-2Boeing 787-82012-01-24current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield No 1 Assy 190800-11S414Z020-1Boeing 787-82012-01-24current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield No 1 Assy 190800-13S414Z020-1Boeing 787-82012-01-24current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield No 1 Assy 190800-12S414Z020-2Boeing 787-82012-01-24current
Nordam Group INC, Transparency Division, theWindshield Assy NBA60545-502NBA60545-502The Boeing Company DC-10-10, DC-10-10F, DC-10-302011-11-15current
Nordam Group INC, Transparency Division, theWindshield Assy. 5-89354-30895-89354-3089The Boeing Company 737-200 Series2011-11-15current
Nordam Group INC, Transparency Division, theWindshield Assy. 5-89354-30955-89354-3095The Boeing Company 707-100 Long Body, 707-100B Long...2011-11-15current
Nordam Group INC, Transparency Division, theWindshield Assy NBA60545-501NBA60545-501The Boeing Company DC-10-10, DC-10-10F, DC-10-302011-11-15current
Nordam Group INC, Transparency Division, theWindshield Assy. 5-89355-25-89355-2The Boeing Company 707-100 Long Body, 707-100B Long...2011-11-15current
Nordam Group INC, Transparency Division, theWindshield Assy. 5-71762-265-71762-26The Boeing Company 727-200 Series) (737-100 Series,...2011-11-15current
Nordam Group INC, Transparency Division, theWindshield Assy. 5-89354-30965-89354-3096The Boeing Company 707-100 Long Body, 707-100B Long...2011-11-15current
Nordam Group INC, Transparency Division, theWindshield Assy. 5-71762-255-71762-25The Boeing Company 727-200 Series) (737-100 Series,...2011-11-15current
Nordam Group INC, Transparency Division, theWindshield Assy. 5-89354-30905-89354-3090The Boeing Company 737-200 Series2011-11-15current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, R/H NP-139321-16601R33033-26Bombardier Regional Jet CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet Series 100...2011-10-20current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, L/H NP-139321-15601R33033-25Bombardier Regional Jet CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet Series 100...2011-10-20current
Ppg Industries INCNo.1 Windshield, Assembly LH 141A4800-1141A4800-1Boeing 737-700 Series, 737-700C Series,...2011-07-21current
Ppg Industries INCNo.1 Windshield, Assembly RH 141A4800-2141A4800-2Boeing 737-700 Series, 737-700C Series,...2011-07-21current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, Assembly RH 5-89355-885-89355-88Boeing 707-100 Long Body, 707-100B Long...2011-05-15current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, Assembly LH 5-89355-875-89355-87Boeing 707-100 Long Body, 707-100B Long...2011-05-15current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield Assembly, RH 5-89355-785-89355-78Boeing 707-100 Long Body, 707-100B Long...2011-04-24current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield Assembly, LH 5-89355-775-89355-77Boeing 707-100 Long Body, 707-100B Long...2011-04-24current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, L/H, Heated NP-187301-11NP-187301-11Embraer ERJ 170-200LR2011-02-23current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, R/H, Heated NP-187301-12NP-187301-12Embraer ERJ 170-100LR, ERJ 170-100STD, ERJ 170-200LR2011-02-23current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, L/H NP-187301-9NP-187301-9Embraer ERJ 170-100LR, ERJ 170-100STD, ERJ 170-200LR2011-02-23current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, Assembly, L/H NP-158862-3NP-158862-3ATR 42-200, 42-300, 42-3202010-12-20current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, Assembly, R/H NP-158862-4NP-158862-4ATR 42-200, 42-300, 42-3202010-12-20current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, Assembly, L/H NP151311-15NP151311-15Embraer EMB-135BJ2010-08-18current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, Assembly, R/H NP151311-16NP151311-16Embraer EMB-135BJ2010-08-18current
LP Aero Plastics INCWindshield K2000K2000Found Aircraft... FBA-2C32010-05-17current
LP Aero Plastics INCWindshield 965 LP-5102279-3...5102279-3, -4, -5True Flight Holdings A16EA) (AG-5B2010-03-25current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, L/H NP-139321-15601R33033-25Bombardier Regional Jet CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet Series 100...2010-03-11current
Ppg Industries INCWindshield, R/H NP-139321-16601R33033-26Bombardier Regional Jet CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet Series 100...2010-03-11current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly, R/H CL-600 Glass Face Ply 211400-02600-33030-26Canadair CL-600-1A11 (CL-600) CL-600-2A12...2010-02-23current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 182500-0260-384008-02Beech 60, A60, B602010-02-23current
Sierracin/Sylmar CORPWindshield Assembly 167800-526600393-004Learjet 31A, 35A, 36A2010-02-23current

The first 150 of 400.

Sources: the FAA's service difficulty reports since 1995 (a report is a part that failed and was fixed, as filed by an airline, repair station or owner; the count shows reporting as much as reliability) and the parts manufacturer approvals in the FAA's Dynamic Regulatory System. The part name is the reporters' and the approval holders' own words, reduced to the first plain words so that spellings meet.